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MRCS revision > The pelvis > Flashcards

The pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A

Root

Body

Glans

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2
Q

Where is the root of the penis located?

A

the superficial perineal piuch of the pelvic floor

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3
Q

What makes up the root of the penis?

A

three erectile tissues
- crura x2 (left and right)
- bulb of the penis (transversed by the urethra)

Two muscles
- Ischiocavernosus x2
- Bulbospongiosus

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4
Q

What is the body of penis suspended from?

A

The pubic symphysis

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5
Q

what makes up the body of the penis?

A

Three cylinders of erectile tissue
- 2x Corpora Cavernosa
- Corpus spongiosum

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6
Q

what shape is the glands of the penis?

A

Conical in shape

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7
Q

what is the glands of the penis formed from?

A

distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum

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8
Q

Where do the left and right Cura attach?

A

To the ipsilateral Ischial ramus, tehy are covered by the ischiocavernosal muscels.

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9
Q

Where does the Urethra lie in the penis?

A

Runs through the Corpus spongiosum, on the ventral aspect of teh penis

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10
Q

what is the most superficial fascia covering the penis?

A

The external fascia of Colles, which is a continunity of the fascia of Scarpa (which covers the abdo wall)

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11
Q

What is the deeper layer of fascia covering the penis?

A

Deep fascia of the penis, buck’s fascia.

continuation of deep perineal fascia, holds all the 3 erectile muscels together.

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12
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A

strong fascia taht forms individual capsules around each body and is fused in the midline. - forms the incompleate septum between the two corpora.

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13
Q

what ligament connects the erectile bodies of the penis to the pubic symphysis?

A

Suspensory ligament
and the fundiform ligament

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is the arterial suply of the penis?

A

Dorsal artery of the penis
deep arteries of the penis
bulbourethral artery

all branches of the internal pudendal artery (branch of internal illiac artery)

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16
Q

what are the four segments of the male urethra?

A

pre-prostatic, prostatic, membranous and spongy.

The smallest diameter is the membranous

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17
Q

how much urine can be held in the bladder in a healthy invidiual?

A

400 - 600ml

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18
Q

What is the name of the folded internal lining of the bladder?

A

Rugae

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19
Q

What are the external features of the bladder?

A

Apex - superiorly, pointing towards the pubic symphysis (connected to the umbilicus by the median umbilica ligament)

Body

Fundus

Neck - continous with the urethra

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20
Q

what is the Trigone ?

A

triangular area, smooth walls, marked at the top by the R and L urethers and teh urethra at the bottom.

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21
Q

what is the embryological origin of the trigone.

A

intergration of two mesonephric ducts

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22
Q

what is the type epithelium of the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

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23
Q

what type of muscle is found within the bladder wall?

A

specalised smooth muscle

detrusor muscle

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24
Q

what is the function of the internal urethral sphincter in men?

A

consists of smooth fibers, under autonomic control, prevents seminal reguratation during ejeculation

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25
Q

What type of muscel is the external urethral sphincter?

A

skeletal muscle

26
Q

what vessel provides arterial suply to the bladder?

A

superior vesical branch of the internal illiac artery

27
Q

what is the venous drainage of the bladder?

A

vesical venous plexus - drains to the interal iliac veins

28
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder

A

supero-lateral aspect of the bladder - external iliac nodes

neck and fundus - internal iliac, sacral and iliac nodes.

29
Q

what are they sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic inovations of the bladder?

A

sympathetic - Hypogastirc nerves T12 - L2 = causes relaxation of detrusor muscels, allowing bladder to fill

Parasympathetic - pelvic nerves s2 - s4 , contaction of detrusor muscles

Somatic - pudendal nerve S2 - 4, control of external urethral sphincer

30
Q

What is the role of the prostate?

A

sectreation of proteolytic enzymes into the serum, breaks down cloting factors so seamen stays liquid.

leave via the prostatic duct into the prostatic portion of the urethra

31
Q

what are the anatomical lobes of the prostate?

A

Inferior posterior
Inferolateral
Superomedial
Anteromedial

32
Q

what are the histological divisions of the prostate?

A

central zone
- around ejaculatory ducts
- 25% of volume

transitional zone
- centrally
- surrounds urethre
10% volume
- typicaly undergo hyperplasia

peripheral zone
- 65%
- permit urine reflux, inflamation, carcinoma

fibromuscular stroma
- no glands present

33
Q

what part of the prostate is felt in DRE?

A

Peripheral Zone - which is most likely to develop carcinoma

34
Q

blood suply to the prostate?

A

Prostatic arteries, come fromm the internal iliac arteries.

Drainage from the prostatic venous plexus, drain into the interal iliac veins

35
Q

How does prostate cancer spread to the vertebral bodies to form skeletal mets?

A

spreads via the Batson venous plexus to the vertebral bodies

36
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the Penis?

A

Penile skin - superficial inguinal lymph nodees

Glans - deep inguinal lymph nodes

Erectile tissue - Internal iliac lymph nodes

generaly the Inguinal lymph nodes drain external genitalia in men

37
Q

what to the sacral spinal nerves s2, s3, s4 form?

A

the Pudendal nerve

38
Q

what nerve maintains voluntary uriany continence?

A

Pudendal nerve - S2, s3,s4

39
Q

where are spermatozoa produced?

A

seminiferous tubles

40
Q

what is the journey of sperm through the testis?

A

spermatozoa are produced in the seminiferous tubes

travel through the tubules collecting in rete testes

travel through afferent tubules to the epididymis

41
Q

what is the peritoneal sac of the testis?

A

tunica vaginalis

42
Q

what is the fibrous capsule that encloses the testes

A

Tunica albuginea

43
Q

what are the parts of the epididymis

A

Head - proximal, formed by the efferent tubules of the testes

body - heavily coiled

tail - distal, marks the origin of the vas deferens.

44
Q

what is the innovation of the testes

A

testicular plexus - derived from the renal and aortic plexus

45
Q

what is the arterial supply of the testes?

A

testicular artery

cremasteric artery (from the inferior epigastric artery)
artery of vas deferens (branch of the inferior vesical artery)

46
Q

what is the venous drainage of the testes?

A

pampiniform plexus

network of veins that wrap around the main testicular vein

47
Q

lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

superficial inguinal nodes

48
Q

what testes is most commonly affected by a varicocele ?

A

Left

as it is longer and drains into the L renal vein at a perpendicular angle

49
Q

Embryologically what does the scrotum derive from?

A

paired genital swellings

50
Q

where is the dartos muscle located ?

A

sheet of smooth muscle
immediately under the skin of teh scrotum

51
Q

what is the function of the dartos muscle

A

helps to regulate the temperate of the scrotum, by wrinkling of the skin.

52
Q

what is the arterial supply to the scrotum

A

anterior scrotal artery = branch of the external pudendal artery

posterior scrotal artery = branch of the internal pudendal artery

53
Q

what artery do the internal pudendal arteries branch off ?

A

the internal Illiac

54
Q

nerve supply of the anterior aspect of the scrotum.

A

genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

ilioinguinal nerve

55
Q

nerve supply to the posterior aspect of the scrotum

A

perineal branches of the pudendal nerve

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

56
Q

at what level is the transtubercular plane

A

L5 vertebra

57
Q

lymph drainage from above the pectinate line ?

A

internal iliac nodes

58
Q

lymph drainage from below the pectinate line?

A

inguinal lymph nodes

59
Q

what is the widest part of the urethra?

A

prostatic part

60
Q

what is the venous drainage of bladder ?

A

vesicoprostatic plexus

MRCS revision (10 decks)

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