MISC pathology Flashcards
dyes and rubber - what cancer?
bladder cancer
example of dyd Benzene
what is liddle syndrome?
Hypertension and hypokalaemia
++ resorbtion of sodium
what condition has Hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis, with hypocalciuria and hypomagnesaemia
Gitelmans syndrome
in what condition woudl you see U waves on ECG
hypokalcaemia
hypocalcaemia
what factors are Vit K dependent
10 9 7 2
what is dumping syndrome ?
rapid movement of chyme from stomach to duodenum
early = dizzyness/black outs, due to fluid shift from circulation to intestines
late = rebound hypoglycaemia 2-4 hrs after
what condition has 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Masaoka classification?
thymoma
what endocrine syndrome is linked with
squamous cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma = SIADH
squamous cell carcinoma = ectopic parathyroid hormone (PTH)
what is found in granulation tissue?
new capillaries, fibroblasts and collagen
what is found in a granuloma?
giant cell and lymphocytes
what deficiency is seen in grey platelet syndrome?
alpha-granules deficiency
blood smears apear grey
patients will have prolonged bleeding
what is in a O’Donoghue’s triard?
Medial menisicus
Medial collateral ligament
ACL
these can take up to a year to repair
what type of anaemia is seen in thalasaemia?
Hypochromic microcytic
what is the most common type of testicular cancer?
seminoma
histology = sheets of clear cells with substantial fibrous
at what ages are cleft lip/palet/jaw surgicaly repaired?
3-6 months = Lip
6-12 mnth = palet
7+ years = Jaw, with bone graft from pelvis
what is a foam cell?
machrohpages that have injested lipids in athrosclerosic plaques
what cell type is sickel cell anaemia?
normocytic normochromic anaemia
will have haemolytic anaemia with high reticulocyte count
what is the calculation of MCV?
MCV = (haematocrit x 1000) divided by RBC
what happens to cardiac output in anaemia?
increases to keep up with physiological demands
what cancer metastasis to the adrenal glands?
breast and Lung
most common place for a extopic pregancy?
Ampulla of fallopian tube
what are common causes of sudden cardiac death?
long QT, Brugada, catecholaminergic polymorphic VT
what blood changes are seen in osteopenia?
non no changes in bloods
what can cause hydronephrosis and no urine production in a new born?
posterior urethral valve pathology
what parasite causes Chagas disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi
south america
causes cardiomegaly and cardiac arrhythmias
mega-oesophagus and megacolon due to destruction of para sympathetic nerves.
what is a Hamartoma?
overgrowth of normal mature cells, with disordered cell architecture
where do Medulloblastomas originate from?
the cerebellum
what activates the extrinsic and the intrinsic clotting cascade?
Extrinsic - activated by tissue thromboplastin
Intrinsic - collagen and glass among other foreign materials
calcium is required for the clotting cascade to work
how does Heparin work?
inhibits thrombin
most common testicualr tumor in 20-30 y/o and 30-40 y/o?
20-30 y/o = Teratoma
30-40 y/o = Seminomas
