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MRCS revision > lower limbs > Flashcards

lower limbs Flashcards

1
Q

what ligament runs down the head of the head of the fibula?

A

lateral co-lateral ligament

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2
Q

where is the origin of popliteus muscle?

A

lateral epicondyle, inserts above the soleus line

causes medial rotation to unlock the condyle of the knee to allow flexion

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3
Q

what are the two articulations of the knee>

A

tibiofemoral
patellofemoral
(allowing tendon of the quadriceps to be inserted over the knee, increasing the effeciency)

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4
Q

what is the blood suply to the knee?

A

Genicular anastomoses
- branches of the femoral and popiteal arteries.

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5
Q

what other injury is associated with medial collateral ligament damage?

A

medial meniscus tear - because the medial meniscus is fixed to the medical collateral ligament.

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6
Q

what are the four bersae found in the knee?

A

Suprapatella bursa

prepatella bursa

infrapatella bursa

semimembranousus bursa

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7
Q

where is the supra-patella bursa found?

A

between the quadriceps femoris and the femur

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8
Q

where is the prepatella bursa located?

A

between the apex of the patella and the skin

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9
Q

where is the infrapatella bursa located?

A

superficial = between patella ligament and teh skin

deep = between the tibia and the patella ligament

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10
Q

where is the semimembranosus bursa located?

A

posterior to the knee

between the semimembranosus muscel and teh medial head of gastrocnemius

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11
Q

what muscel allows extension of the knee?

A

quadriceps femoris, which inserts to the tibial tuberosity.

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12
Q

what muscel allows for flexion of the knee?

A

hamstrings, gracilis, satorius and popiteus

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13
Q

what muscle allows for lateral rotation at the knee?

A

biceps femoris

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14
Q

what muscle allows for medial rotation of the knee?

A

semimembranosus
semitendinous
gracillis
sartorius
popliteus

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15
Q

what examination can be used to assess for a antior cruciate ligament tear?

A

anterior drawer test

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16
Q

what muscle inserts to the fibular head?

A

biceps femoris

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17
Q

what nerve inovates the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

the common fibular nerve

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18
Q

what artery supplies the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

Inferior genicular artery

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19
Q

what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

plane synovial joint

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20
Q

what type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

fibrous joint

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21
Q

what are three structures that support the tibiofibular joint?

A

interosseous membrane

anterior and posterior inferior tibiofibular ligaments

inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament

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22
Q

what is the nerve supply to the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

deep peroneal and tibial nerves

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23
Q

what is a complication of a proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation?

A

injury to the common fibular nerve (teh nerve winds around the neck of the fibular)

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24
Q

what is the name given to the bracket shaped joint of the ankle?

A

the mortise

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25
Q

where does the medial ligament of the ankle originate to and then attach? what is its function?

A

originates to the medial malleolus

forms four ligaments attaching to the talus,calcaneus and the navicular bones.

function = resist over-eversion

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26
Q

what are the three ligaments that form the lateral ligament in the ankle?

A
  1. Anterior talofibular
  2. Posterior talofibular
  3. Calcaneofibular
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27
Q

what muscels allow for plantarflexion of the ankle?
what nerve is responsible?

A

posterior compartment of the leg
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris
- posterior tibialis

Tibial

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28
Q

what muscels allow for dorsiflexion of the ankle?

A

muscels of the anterior compartment of the leg

  • tibialis anterior
  • extension hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
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29
Q

what arteries supply the ankle joint?

A

malleolar branches of the anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular arteries

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30
Q

what artery is at risk with deep lacerations to the anterior aspect of the lower limb?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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31
Q

what artery is the anterior tibial artery a branch of?

A

popliteal artery

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32
Q

what muscel is responsible for extending the big toe ?

A

extensor hallucis longus

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33
Q

what movement is the tibialis anterior tendon responsible for?

A

dorsiflexion

34
Q

what inury is Lachmans test for?

A

ACL

35
Q

what two nerves form the Sural nerve?

A

The common fibular

tibial nerve

36
Q

what is the sensory inovation of the sural nerve?

A

The posterio-lateral aspect of the lower limb

37
Q

what nerve routes form the femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4

38
Q

what two muscles form iliopsoas?

A

Psoas Major and iliacus (psoas major is medial)

39
Q

what is the action of Iliopsoas?

A

flexion at the hip joint

40
Q

where does Psoas major originate from?

A

the lumbar vertebrae

41
Q

where does iliacus originate from ?

A

iliac fossa of the pelvis

42
Q

where does the iliopsoas insert?

A

lesser trocanter of the femus

43
Q

what are the four muscles of the quadriceps?

A

Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
rectus femoris

44
Q

where does the rectus femoris originate from?

A

ASIS + ilium of the pelvis

attaches to the patella

crosses the knee.

45
Q

what is the natural load to failure the ACL

A

2000 newtons

46
Q

What is used as a graft for a ACL repair?

A

semitendinosus or patella tendon

47
Q

when does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery?

A

when it crosses the inguinal ligament.
and enters the femoral triangle

48
Q

where does the profunda femoris artery arise from the femoral?

A

in the femoral triangle

49
Q

what three braches come off the profundo artery in the thigh?

A
  1. perforating branches - supply muscles in the medial and posterior thigh
  2. lateral femoral circumflex artery - wraps around the anterior lateral side of the femur
  3. medial femoral circumflex artery - supplies the neck and head of the femur
50
Q

what artery is damaged in a NOF?

A

medial femoral circumflex artery

51
Q

at what point does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

when it passes through the adductor hiatus

52
Q

what does the popliteal artery divide into?

A

the peroneal (fibular) artery
posterior tibial arteries

53
Q

what forms the lateral borders of the popliteal fossa

A

gastrocnemius

54
Q

what is the nerve routes of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4 to S3

55
Q

what muscels insert onto the Greater trocanter?

A

Piriformis
Gluteus medius
Gluteus Minimus
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Vastus lateralis
Gemelli

56
Q

what bursa is affected in housemaid knee?

A

pre patella bursa

57
Q

what bursa is affected in clergyman’s knee?

A

superficial infrapatella bursa

58
Q

what are the two joints to the calcaneus?

A

superiorly - talus
anteriorly - cuboid

59
Q

where does the Achilles tendon insert?

A

calcaneal tuberosity

60
Q

where is the most common place to fracture your talus?

A

neck

61
Q

what injury causes a talar neck fracture?

A

high energy forcible dorsiflexion
this can lead to AVN

62
Q

with excessive inversion of the foot what muscle can lead to an avulse fracture?

A

fibularis brevis

63
Q

what is the first branch of the lumbar plexus?

A

Iliohypogastric nerve

64
Q

what are the roots of the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

T12 to L1

65
Q

what muscles are inovated by the first branch of the lumbar plexus?

A

internal obliques
transverse abdominis

66
Q

The pneumonic of the lumbar plexus is I I Get Leftovers On Fridays. what does it stand for?

A

I - Iliohypogastric
I - Ilioinguinal
G - Genitofemoral
L - Lateral cutaneous
O - Obturator
F - Femoral

67
Q

what nerves make up the sacral plexus ?

A

L4 - S4

68
Q

what are the functions of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

innervates the gluteus minimus, gluteal medius and tensor fascia lata

69
Q

a pneumonic to remember the sciatic plexus is Some Irish Sailor Pesters Polly - what does this stand for?

A

S - superior gluteal
I - Inferior gluteal
S - Sciatic
P - posterior cutaneous
P -Pudendal

70
Q

what nerves Innovates gluteus maximus

A

Inferior Gluteal nerve
L5 S1 S2

71
Q

what nerve innovates the short head of the biceps femoris)?

A

Common fibular, branch of sciatic

72
Q

what branch of the sacral plexus gives sensory function to the penis/Clitoris?

A

The pudendal nerve

73
Q

what passes through the Hunter Canal?

A

superficial femoral artery
femoral vein
saphenous nerve
nerve to vastus medialis

74
Q

what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior

extensor hallucis longus

extensor digitorum longus

peroneus tertius

75
Q

what are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

superior - inguinal ligament.
lateral - medial border of sartorius
medial-medial border of adductor longus

76
Q

where does gluteus maximus insert on the femur?

A

Gluteal Tuberosity

77
Q

where is the linea aspera found?

A

running down the posterior aspect of the femur

78
Q

is teh deltoid ligament medial or lateral?

A

medial

injured in eversion injury

79
Q

Injury of what ligament can cause flat foot deformity?

A

The calcaneonavicular ligament (spring)

80
Q

what structures pass behind the lateral malleolus ?

A

sural nerve
short saphenous vein
peroneus longus tendon
peroneus brevis tendon

81
Q

what structure is most likely to be damaged in a femoral condyle fracture ?

A

popliteal artery fracture

as head of gastronemius will contract to pull the fracture posteriorly, damanging the politeal atery

82
Q
A

MRCS revision (10 decks)

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