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ANATOMY: upper limb > The pectoral girdle and vertebral column > Flashcards

The pectoral girdle and vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the origin of the deltoid?

A

Scapular origin:
aponeurosis at inferior lip of crest

Acromion origin:
fleshy fibres from lateral edge of acromion

Clavicular origin:
fleshy fibres of anterior surface of lateral third of clavicle

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2
Q

Where is the insertion of the deltoid?

A

Tendons converge into V-shaped deltoid tuberosity above midshaft of the humerus

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3
Q

What is the function of the lateral fibres of the deltoid?

A

Abduction at the glenohumeral joint

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4
Q

What is the function of the anterior fibres of the deltoid?

A

Medial rotation and flexion

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5
Q

What is the function of the posterior fibres of the deltoid?

A

Lateral rotation and extension

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6
Q

Which nerve supplies the deltoid?

A

Axillary

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7
Q

How many degrees of internal rotation are due to the scapulothoracic motion?

A

15

acts after glenohumeral

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8
Q

How many degrees of internal rotation are due to the glenohumeral motion?

A

120

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9
Q

What is meant by scapulothoracic rhythm?

A

Coordinated movement of scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints

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10
Q

Where is the origin of the rhomboids?

A

Inferior aspect of ligamentum nuchae and spines of upper thoracic vertebrae

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11
Q

Where is the insertion of the rhomboid major?

A

Medial (vertebral) border of scapula, below spine

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12
Q

Where is the insertion of the rhomboid minor?

A

Medial (vertebral) border of scapula, above spine

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13
Q

Which nerve supplies the rhomboids?

A

Dorsal scapular

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14
Q

What is the function of the rhomboids?

A

Retraction

To a lesser extent, elevation of the scapula

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15
Q

Where is the origin of the levator scapulae?

A

C1-C4

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16
Q

Where is the insertion of the levator scapulae?

A

Vertebral border of scapula, from superior angle to root of spine

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17
Q

Which nerve supplies the levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular

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18
Q

What is the function of the levator scapulae?

A

Elevation of scapula medially and upwards

simultaneously pulls it forwards

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19
Q

Where is the origin of the serratus anterior?

A

Outer surfaces of upper 8/9 ribs along anterior axillary line

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20
Q

Where does the serratus anterior insert?

A

Digitations from ribs 1 and 2:
ventral surface of scapula along a narrow strip immediately adjacent to its vertebral border

Digitations from other ribs:
Ventral surface of interior angle

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21
Q

Which nerve supplies the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic

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22
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior?

A

Protracts scapula

Holds scapula close to the thoracic wall

Elevates ribs when scapula is fixed

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23
Q

Where is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

A

Anterior surfaces of 3rd, 4th and 5th ribs in the vicinity of their costochondral junctions

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24
Q

Where is the insertion of the pectoralis minor

A

Medial lip of the coracoid process near its tip

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25
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis minor?

A

Pulls scapula inferomedially

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26
Q

Which nerve supplies the pectoralis minor?

A

Medial pectoral

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27
Q

Where is the origin of the pectoralis major?

A

CLAVICULAR HEAD:
medial half of anterior surface of the clavicle

STERNOCOSTAL HEAD:
1. anterior surface of sternum

  1. upper 6 costal cartilages
  2. upper part of external oblique aponeurosis
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28
Q

Where is the insertion of the pectoralis major?

A

CLAVICULAR HEAD:
anterior surface of tendon that inserts into the bicipital groove of the humerus

STERNOCOSTAL HEAD:
fibres converge into tendon which inserts into lateral lip of bicipital groove

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29
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis major?

A

Adduction and medial rotation at glenohumeral joint

Accessory muscle of respiration

Clavicular head is also a major flexor of the arm

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30
Q

Which nerve supplies the clavicular head of the pectoralis major?

A

Lateral pectoral

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31
Q

Which nerve supplies the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major?

A

Medial pectoral

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32
Q

Where is the origin of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Posterior region of iliac crest via an aponeurosis from the vertebral spines inferior to T6

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33
Q

Where is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Fibres converge to form a tendon which inserts into the floor of the bicipital groove of the humerus, near the crest of the lesser tuberosity

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34
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

Adduction

Medial rotation

Extension of arm

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35
Q

Which nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal

36
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

The scapula and clavicle with their interposing joints; 2 anatomical joints (sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular) and a physiological joint (scapulothoracic articulation)

37
Q

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

A

Connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton

38
Q

What is the classification of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial

39
Q

What does the stenoclavicular joint connect?

A

Medial end of clavicle to the clavicular notch on the manubrium together with the adjacent superior aspect of the first costal cartilage

40
Q

What type of disc is contained within the sternoclavicular joint?

What does this give rise to?

A

A fibrocartilaginous intra-articular disc that divides into 2 separate synovial cavities

41
Q

What is the classification of the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Synovial

42
Q

How much movement is provided by the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Small degree of motion around all 3 potential axes

43
Q

What is movement around the mediolateral axis of the acromioclavicular joint described as?

A

Rotation

44
Q

What is the classification of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Synovial ball-and-socket

45
Q

What is the difference in the surface area of the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa?

A

Head of humerus is 3 times bigger

46
Q

How is the stability of the glenohumeral joint increased?

A

Margins of the glenoid fossa extended by a fibrocartilaginous labrum

47
Q

Where does the capsule of the glenohumeral joint attach?

A

The margins of the anatomical neck of the humerus

48
Q

Why is the capsule of the glenohumeral joint lax inferiorly?

A

To allow abduction

49
Q

What increases the strength of the glenohumeral joint?

A

coracohumeral ligament and 3 glenohumeral ligaments

50
Q

What are the 3 planes of movement enabled by the glenohumeral joint?

A

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation

51
Q

What is circumduction?

A

A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction to result in circular movement

52
Q

What are the primary muscles involved in circumduction?

A

Pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major and coracobrachialis

53
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Subscapularis

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

Teres minor

54
Q

What is the purpose of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Hold the humeral head within the glenoid, giving strength and dynamic stability

55
Q

Which muscles are responsible for abduction at the shoulder?

A

Initiated by supraspinatus and continued by lateral fibres of the deltoid

56
Q

Which muscles are responsible for adduction of the shoulder?

A

Coracobrachialis is the only true adductor

Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and teres major can adduct the abducted shoulder

57
Q

Which muscles are responsible for lateral rotation at the shoulder?

A

Infraspinatus, teres minor and posterior fibres of the deltoid

58
Q

Which muscles are responsible for medial rotation at the shoulder?

A

Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major and the anterior fibres of the deltoid

59
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

60
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae at there?

A

12

61
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae at there?

A

5

62
Q

How many sacral vertebrae at there?

A

5 fused

63
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae at there?

A

3-4 fused

64
Q

Where does the vertebral column run?

A

Back of the head to the natal cleft

65
Q

How does the vertebral column look when viewed posteriorly?

A

Linear

66
Q

How does the vertebral column look when viewed laterally?

A

Primary and secondary curvatures visible

67
Q

What causes variation in primary and secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Age and pathology

68
Q

What is the primary curvature of the vertebral column?

A

Thoracic and sacral regions retain their curvature from birth, this does not vary with movement

69
Q

What is secondary curvature of the vertebral column?

A

Lumbar region becomes concave posteriorly when walking

Cervical region becomes concave posteriorly to support the head

70
Q

How to vertebrae connect together?

A

Synovial joints between the inferior articular facets on one vertebra and the superior articular facet on the vertebra below

71
Q

What is the significance of the notches on pedicles?

A

The notches form 2 contiguous vertebrae from the intervertebral foramen for the spinal nerves to pass

72
Q

How are intervertebral joints strengthened?

A

Ligaments connecting the tips and bases of spinous processes (supraspinous and interspinous), the transverse processes (intertransverse) and the laminae (ligamentum flavum)

73
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Starts at the foramen magnum of the skull

Ends at the lower border of L1 where is tapers to a cone shaped ending called the conus medullaris

74
Q

How does the spinal cord attach to the rest of the vertebral column?

A

A stalk of pia matter, the filum terminale, attaches it to the end of the dural sac at S2

75
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

A mass of spinal roots from L2 to the lowest coccygeal nerve which pass caudal to the conus to exit at their respective intervertebral foramina

76
Q

What is the function of the nerves arising from the ventral spinal roots?

A

Motor

77
Q

What is the function of the nerves arising from the dorsal spinal roots?

A

Sensory

78
Q

Where do spinal nerves arise from

A

2 roots in the vertebral column join to from a mixed spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen

79
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers?

What is their function?

A

Pia, arachnoid and dura mater

Protection of the spinal nerves

80
Q

What happens to the nerve as it emerges from the intervertebral foramen?

A

For a small distance each nerve takes with it all 3 layers of meningeal covering. The coverings then fuse with the epineurium of the nerve root

81
Q

How many cervical root are there?

A

8

82
Q

Where are nerve roots in relation to their corresponding vertebrae?

What is the exception to this

A

Below the vertebra

Cervical vertebrae: C1 root starts above its vertebra, hence there are 8 cervical vertebrae

83
Q

Where is the spinal epidural space?

A

Between the dura mater and the vertebral periosteum

84
Q

What is contained in the spinal epidural space?

A

Loose connective tissue, venous plexuses and lymphatics

85
Q

What is contained in the subarchnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid bathing the brain and spinal cord

86
Q

Where does the subarchnoid space extend to in adults?

A

The termination of the lumbar cistern at the level of the second sacral vertebra

ANATOMY: upper limb (7 decks)

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