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ANATOMY: upper limb > The hand and joints of the upper limb > Flashcards

The hand and joints of the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

How are carpal bones connected to each other?

A

Intercarpal ligaments

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2
Q

What are the components of each metacarpal bones?

A

Base, shaft and head

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3
Q

How much movement at the carpometacarpal joint?

A

Minimal movement, except at thumb where more movement is permitted

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4
Q

What type of joint is the first (thumb) carpometacarpal joint?

A

Saddle-shaped

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5
Q

What joins the shafts of the metacarpal bones?

A

Transverse metacarpal ligaments and the palmar and dorsal interossei

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6
Q

What is the shape of the metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Condyloid (shaped like knob and cup)

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7
Q

What type of movement is enabled by condyloid joints?

A

Biaxial (movement in 2 planes)

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8
Q

What are the components of the phalangeal bones?

How many phalanges are there in each digit?

A

Base, shaft and head

3 in fingers (proximal, middle, distal)
2 in thumb (proximal and distal)

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9
Q

What is the classification of the interphalangeal joints?

A

Hinge joints

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10
Q

What movement is permitted by the interphalangeal joints?

A

Flexion and extension

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11
Q

What stabilises the interphalangeal joints?

A

Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments

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12
Q

What is the classification of the elbow joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

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13
Q

What happens to the radial head during pronation/supination at the elbow joint?

A

Articulates with the ulna

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14
Q

What happens to the radial head during flexion/extension at the elbow joint?

A

Slides onto the capitulum of the humerus

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15
Q

Where does the capsule of the elbow joint attach?

A

The margins of the articular surfaces

The epicondyles are extracapsular

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16
Q

Where is the capsule of the elbow joint lax?

Why is this?

A

Anteriorly and posteriorly

To permit full flexion and extension

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17
Q

How is stability of the elbow joint maintained?

A

The congruous articular surfaces of the trochlea and trochlea fossa

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

Anular ligament around the radial neck

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18
Q

What joints are involved in pronation/supination?

A

Superior and inferior radio-ulnar joints

The superior RU joint communicates with the elbow joint

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19
Q

What is the classification of the wrist joint?

A

Synovial ellipsoid joint

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20
Q

What bones are connected by the wrist joint?

A

Concave distal surface of the radius articulates with the convex proximal surfaces of the scaphoid and lunate

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21
Q

How is the head of the ulna separated from the triquetrial bone?

How is the wrist joint separated from the distal radio-ulnar joint?

A

a triangular fibrocartilaginous disc which attaches to the edge of the ulnar notch of the radius and the base of the styloid process of the ulna

22
Q

What is the function of palmaris brevis?

A

Improves grip by stabilising the skin on the ulnar side of the palm

23
Q

Where is palmaris brevis?

A

Attached to the dermis and lies across the base of the hypothenar eminence

24
Q

What is the palmar aponeurosis?

A

Deep fascia of the palm to which the skin is firmly attached

(skin around palmaris brevis is an exception)

25
Q

Why do large subcutaneous veins drain from the palm?

A

So that the pressure of gripping does not impede venous return

26
Q

Describe the structure of the palmar aponeurosis

A

Consists of a central part that is thick and unyielding. Thinner over the thenar and hypothenar eminences for increased mobility

27
Q

What is proximal to the palmar aponeurosis?

A

Tendon of palmaris longus

28
Q

What is distal to the palmar aponeurosis?

A

Divides into 4 sheaths which are continuous with the fibrous flexor sheaths for the fingers

29
Q

What are the muscles of the thenar eminence?

A

Abductor pollicis brevis (lateral), flexor pollicis brevis(medial), opponens pollicis (deep)

30
Q

What are the muscles of the hypothenar eminence?

A

Abductor digiti minimi (medial), flexor digiti minimi (lateral) and opponens digiti minimi

31
Q

Which nerve supplies the thenar eminence?

A

Recurrent branch of the medial nerve

32
Q

Which nerve supplies the hypothenar eminence?

A

The ulnar nerve

33
Q

What are the deep muscles of the hand?

A

Adductor pollicis, interossei and lumbricals

34
Q

Which nerve supplies the deep muscles of the hand?

A

Ulnar nerve, except of lateral 2 lumbricals (median)

35
Q

How many palmar interossei are there?

A

3

36
Q

How many dorsal interossei are there?

A

4

37
Q

Where do the interossei originate?

A

The shafts of the metacarpals

38
Q

Where do the interossei insert?

A

Proximal phalanges

39
Q

What is the function of the palmar interossei?

A

Adduction (PAD)

40
Q

What is the function of the dorsal interossei?

A

Abduction (DAB)

41
Q

How many metacarpals does each palmar interossei arise from?

A

1

42
Q

How many metacarpals does each dorsal interossei arise from?

A

2

43
Q

How many lumbricals are there?

A

4

44
Q

Where do the lumbricals originate?

A

The tendons of the FDP

45
Q

Where do the tendons of the FDP insert?

A

Passes around the radial aspect of each finger to insert onto the dorsal expansion

46
Q

What is the function of the lumbricals?

A

Acts with the interossei to flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints

47
Q

Which nerve supplies the lumbricals?

A

Medial 2 = ulnar

Radial 2 = median

48
Q

What is the blood supply of the hand?

A

Superficial and deep palmar arches

49
Q

What is the superficial palmar arch a continuation of and where does it enter the palm?

A

Continuation of ulnar artery

Enters palm with ulnar nerve, superficial to the flexor retinaculum

50
Q

What is the deep palmar arch a continuation of and where does it enter the palm?

A

Continuation of the radial artery

Passes between the first dorsal interosseous and adductor pollicis to enter the palm from its dorsal aspect

ANATOMY: upper limb (7 decks)

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