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Head and Neck Anatomy > The Nose and Paranasal Air Sinuses 3 > Flashcards

The Nose and Paranasal Air Sinuses 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the path of the maxillary nerve?

A

Passes through the foramen rotundum into the pterygopalatine fossa.

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2
Q

What is unique about the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

It is the only division with motor fibres.

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3
Q

What is the path of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

It immediately passes directly downwards through an oval foramen in the skull base which is called the foramen ovale.

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4
Q

How does the maxillary division leave the skull and what does it enter?

A

It leaves the skull through the foramen rotundum and it then enters the ptreygopalatine fossa.

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5
Q

What happens to the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

It divides into several branches.

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6
Q

What does the zygomatic nerve run along?

A

It runs along the lateral wall of the orbital cavity.

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7
Q

What do the branches of the zygomatic nerve run through?

A

They run through the zygomatic bone and supply the skin overlying the zygomatic bone and the skin over the temple.

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8
Q

What does the infraorbital nerve run through?

A

It runs through the infraorbital canal.

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9
Q

Where does the infraorbital nerve emerge?

A

It emerges deep in the neck.

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10
Q

What does the infraorbital nerve supply sensation to?

A

It supplies sensation to the lower eyelid and conjunctiva, the skin of the midface and the upper lip.

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11
Q

What is the path of the nasopalatine branch of the maxillary nerve?

A

It passes medially through the sphenopalatine foramen and into the roof of the lateral wall of the nose.

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12
Q

Aside from the nasopalatine branch, describe the path of another branch of the maxillary nerve?

A

Another branch runs down from the pterygopalatine fossa and supplies sensation to the palate.

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13
Q

How do the palatine nerves open into the palate?

A

They open into the palate via the greater and lesser palatine foramina.

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14
Q

Whilst still in the pterygopalatine fossa, what does the maxillary nerve give off?

A

It gives off the posterior superior alveolar nerves.

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15
Q

What is the path of the posterior superior alveolar nerves?

A

They run into the back of the maxillary tuberosity and on through the bone to form a plexus over the tips of the roots of ht eupper molar teeth in the floor of the antrum.

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16
Q

What are the middle superior alveolar nerves branches of?

A

They branch off the infraorbital nerve.

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17
Q

Where do the middle superior alveolar nerve branch off the infraorbital nerve?

A

They branch off in the roof of the maxillary antrum and they also run into the plexus, sometimes as far as the canine tooth in the floor of the antrum.

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18
Q

What is the anterior superior alveolar nerve a branch of?

A

It is a branch of the infraorbital nerve.

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19
Q

What is the path of the anterior superior alveolar nerve?

A

It runs to the incisor and canine teeth in the bone behind the margin of the nasal aperture.

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20
Q

What are all of the upper teeth supplied by?

A

They are supplied by the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.

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21
Q

Why is the anterior superior alveolar nerve particularly important?

A

Because it also gives some branches that supply sensation to part of the front of the lateral wall of the nose, the floor of the nose, as well as the front of the midline septum of the nose.

22
Q

In the head, what do we always find near the terminal branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

We always find parasympathetic ganglia near the terminal ganglia of the trigeminal nerve.

23
Q

Where is the ciliary ganglion?

A

In the orbit.

24
Q

What is the ciliary ganglion close to?

A

It is close to the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.

25
Q

Where does the pterygopalatine ganglion lie?

A

It lies in the pterygopalatine fossa.

26
Q

In the pteryopalatine fossa, what is the pteryopalatine ganglion connected to?

A

It is connected to the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.

27
Q

What is the function of the pterygopalatine ganglia?

A

This, like other parasympathetic ganglia is a relay station for parasympathetic neurones in this region.

28
Q

How do the parasympathetic neurones that are destined for the pterygopalatine ganglion leave the brain?

A

They leave the brain through the facial nerve, not the trigeminal nerve.

29
Q

What number cranial nerve is the facial nerve?

A

The facial nerve is the 7th cranial nerve.

30
Q

How do parasympathetic neurones destined for the pterygopalatine ganglion leave the facial nerve?

A

They leave the nerve in the larger of 2 petrosal nerves = greater superficial petrosal nerve.

31
Q

What is the path of the greater superficial petrosal nerve and the parasympathetic fibres that it carries?

A
  • It passes from a slit on the front of the petrous temporal bone into the pterygoid canal of the sphenoid bone
  • Runs through the pterygoid canal and carries the parasympathetic neurones into the pterygopalatine fossa.
  • Synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion
  • Postganglionic nerve fibres are distributed through all of the sensory branches of the maxillary nerve to their target glands.
32
Q

What do parasympathetic motor nerve fibres that come from the pterypalatine ganglion cause?

A

They cause secretion of mucous and serous glands in the nose, paranasal air sinuses and palate as well as the secretion of tears by the lacrimal gland.

Their action mimics the symptoms of hay fever.

33
Q

What gland do some postganglionic parasympathetic neurons pass directly from?

A

They pass directly from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland.

34
Q

How do postganglionic parasympathetic neurones pass directly from the pterygopaltine ganglion to the lacrimal gland?

A

They run up the inferior orbital fissure and onto the posterolateral wall of the orbital cavity.

From here, they run forwards into the lacrimal gland and they are secretor motor to the lacrimal gland.

35
Q

Why do we sometimes find sympathetic nerve fibres in the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Sometimes parasympathetic ganglia have other nerve fibres like sympathetic nerve fibres passing through them. They dont synapse here, these fibres are just on their way to the target organs.

36
Q

How do the sympathetic fibres enter the pterygoid canal?

A
  • They climb up the internal carotid artery
  • Enter the pterygoid canal in the back of the sphenoid bone
37
Q

What are the sympathetic fibres called as they enter the pterygoid canal?

A

They are collectively called the deep petrosal nerve.

38
Q

What do the sympathetic nerves travel through the pterygoid canal in company with and what do they arrive at?

A

They travel through the canal in company with parasympathetic neurones and they arrive at the pterygopalatine fossa.

39
Q

What do the sympathetic fibres do in the pterygopalatine ganglia?

A

They pass straight through the pterygopalatine ganglion and they distribute to the ‘glands of hay fever’.

40
Q

Generally what is the action of the sympathetic fibres?

A

They are usually vasoconstrictor in action.

41
Q

What are the autonomic nerves collectively referred to as in the pterygoid canal?

A

They are collectively referred to as the nerve of the pterygoid canal because the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres travel together.

42
Q

What do each of the major sensory branches that arise from the maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa distribute with them?

A

They distribute both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres with them.

43
Q

How does the nasopalatine nerve pass into the nose?

A

It passes through the sphenopalatine foramen into the nose.

44
Q

How do branches of the nasopalatine nerve enter the anterior part of the hard palate?

A

They cross the roof of the nose to get to the septum and then down to the anterior part of the hard palate.

45
Q

What is the path of lateral nasal branches?

A

They pass into the lateral wall of the nose from the pterygopalatine fossa.

46
Q

What is the path of palatine nerves?:

A

They pass down through the palatine canals towads the back of the hard palate.

47
Q

What do the palatine nerves give off?

A

They give off extra lateral nasal branches to the lateral wall of the nose on the way down.

48
Q

What are the anterior ethmoidal nerves branches off?

A

They are branches of the nasociliary nerve in the orbit.

49
Q

How do the anterior ethmoidal nerves leave the orbit?

A

They leave the orbit through the medial wall of the orbit and then they enter the anterior cranial fossa.

50
Q

How does the anterior ethmoidal nerve enter the nose?

A

It enters the nose through the sides of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

Head and Neck Anatomy (36 decks)

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