The Mouth and Face 4

Question 1

Describe the fungiform papillae?

Answer 1

They are rounded and appear red because they are not keratinised.

Question 2

Describe the filiform papillae.

Answer 2

They are rougher and they are keratinised.

Question 3

Describe the foliate papillae.

Answer 3

These have deep folds between them on the side of the tongue near the sulcus terminalis.

Question 4

What is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue roughened by?

Answer 4

It is roughened by collections of lymphoid tissue in the mucous membrane.

Question 5

What is the lingual artery a major branch of?

Answer 5

This is a major branch of the external carotid artery.

Question 6

Where does the lingual artery arise close to?

Answer 6

It arises close to the hyoid bone.

Question 7

What does the lingual artery form as it passes to the middle constrictor muscle?

Answer 7

It forms a characteristic loop as it passes forwards to the middle constrictor muscle.

Question 8

How does the lingual artery run into the tongue?

Answer 8

It runs into the tongue by travelling deep to the hypoglossus muscle and as it does so it lies on the outer surface of the genioglossus muscle.

Question 9

What are the main branches of the lingual artery?

Answer 9

• dorsal lingual arteries
• depp lingual arteries

Question 10

What do the dorsal lingual arteries supply?

Answer 10

They supply the dorsum of the tongue.

Question 11

Where do the deep lingual arteries go to?

Answer 11

They go to the tip and undersurface of the tongue.

Question 12

What do the dorsal branches of the lingual artery contribute to?

Answer 12

They contribute to the supply of the palatine tonsil.

Question 13

What are the prominent blue veins that are visible on the undersurface of the tip of the tongue?

Answer 13

These are branches of the deep lingual veins which accompany the deep lingual arteries.

Question 14

How is general sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue conveyed?

Answer 14

It is conveyed in the lingual nerve.

Question 15

How is general sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue conveyed?

Answer 15

It is conveyed in the glossopharyngeal nerve which is the 9th cranial nerve.

Question 16

How is taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue conveyed?

Answer 16

It is conveyed in the chorda tympani via the lingual nerve to the facial nerve in the petrous temporal bone.

Question 17

How do taste fibres from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue travel?

Answer 17

They travel in the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Question 18

What part of the tongue does the vagus nerve innervate?

Answer 18

This innervates a small part at the back of the tongue that is adjacent to the epiglottis and piriform fossa and it recieves general sensory fibres that run in the vagus nerve.

Question 19

What does the superficial musculature of the face surround?

Answer 19

It surrounds the ear, nose, mouth and orbit.

Question 20

What are the superficial muscles of the face known as?

Answer 20

They are known as the muscles of facial expression.

Question 21

What do the facial muscles form around each of the orifices of the face, i.e. the nose, mouth, etc?

Answer 21

They form sphincters and dilators around each of the orifices.

Question 22

What are all of the muscles of facial expression supplied by?

Answer 22

They are supplied by the facial nerve which is the 7th cranial nerve.

Question 23

Describe the path of the facial nerve so far.

Answer 23

• nerve goes into the internal acoustic meatus
• through petrous temporal bone and middle ear
• appears in the infratemporal fossa as it emerges through the stylomastoid foramen

Question 24

What is the muscle around the eye called?

Answer 24

This is called the orbicularis oculi. The fibres of the muscle form a sphincter around the eye.

Question 25

What is the name of the muscle that lies above the eyes in the scalp?

Answer 25

There is a large muscle called the frontalis that lies above the eyes in the scalp.

Question 26

What is the frontalis attached to superiorly?

Answer 26

It is attached to the epicranial aponeurosis superiorly.

Question 27

Where is the occipitalis attached to?

Answer 27

This a muscle that lies deep in the vault and this is attached tot he epicranial aponeurosis anteriorly.

Question 28

What structures make up the occipitofrontalis?

Answer 28

• occipitalis
• epicranial aponeurosis
• frontalis

Question 29

What is the mouth surrounded by?

Answer 29

It is surrounded by a large circular sphincter muscle which is called the orbicularis oris - this muscle has no bony origin.

Question 30

What do we have around the orbicularis oris in a radial manner?

Answer 30

We have muscles that raise the upper lip, raise or depress the corner of the mouth, and depress the lower lip.

Question 31

Where does the bucchintor muscle lie?

Answer 31

This lies on a deeper plane in the side of the cheek and it is also a muscle of facial expression and it is also supplied by the facial nerve,

Question 32

Why is there no strong sphincter muscle around the nose?

Answer 32

Because this would be a distinct disadvantage but there are some small muscles that dilatate the nostrils and act as important accessory muscles of respiration.

Question 33

Describe the small muscles around the ear.

Answer 33

These are more important in other animals that in humans.

Question 34

Describe the platysma muscle.

Answer 34

This is a muscle in the neck which is also a muscle of facial expression and it is supplied by the facial nerve.

Question 35

Where does the facial artery leave the external carotid artery?

Answer 35

It leaves the external caroptid artery near the lingual artery.

Question 36

When does the facial artery reach the border of the mandible?

Answer 36

It reaches the border of the mandible just anterior to the masseter muscle.

Question 37

What is the path of the facial artery from the border of the mandible?

Answer 37

It runs a tortuous twisting course past the angle of the mouth and the side of the nose.

Question 38

What does the tortuous course of the facial artery allow for?

Answer 38

It allows for movements of the face and the jaw – when the jaw is opened widely, for example during yawning, the facial artery is stretched so that its course is straighter.

Question 39

At the side of the nose, what is the facial artery renamed as?

Answer 39

The angular artery.

Question 40

Where does the angular artery continue to?

Answer 40

It passes to the medial angle of the eye and the anastomoses with orbital vessels here.

Question 41

Where do branches of the angular artery go?

Answer 41

• some terminal branches go into the scalp and they anastomose here
• labial branches go to the lips
• branches to the external nose
• gives a branch that passes obliquely back across the cheek
  
  • this anastomoses with the transverse facial branch of the superficial temporal artery

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Question 42

What does the facial vein accompany?

Answer 42

It accompanies the facial artery

Question 43

What do the facial vein and the facial artery pass deep to?

Answer 43

They pass deep to the zygomaticus major in the cheek but only the artery passes deep to the zygomaticus minor on its way to the medial angle of the eye. The vein remains more superficial here.

Question 44

What does the facial vein communicate with?

Answer 44

It communicates with the orbital veins and intracranial venous sinuses.

Question 45

How does the facial vein form the common facial vein?

Answer 45

The facial vein joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein.

Question 46

What does the common facial vein drain into?

Answer 46

It drains into the internal jugular vein.

Question 47

Where is the facial nerve found?

Answer 47

It is found superficially in the face.

Question 48

What kind of fibres does the facial nerve contain?

Answer 48

It has only motor fibres.

Question 49

What does the facial nerve supply?

Answer 49

It supplies the muscles of facial expression including the bucchinator.

Question 50

Describe the course of the facial nerve through the parotid gland.

Answer 50

It passes through the superficial substance of the parotid gland and it divides into its terminal branches within the substance of the parotid gland.