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Head and Neck Anatomy > Skull Vault, Cranial Cavity and Meninges 1 > Flashcards

Skull Vault, Cranial Cavity and Meninges 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cranial cavity contain?

A
  • Brain
  • Meninges
  • Blood vessels and nerves that run to and from the brain
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2
Q

What kind of bones surround the cranial cavity at the sides and above?

A

The vault bones

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3
Q

What kind of bones surround the cranial cavity below?

A

The bones of the cranial base.

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4
Q

Which bones make up the vault of the skull?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • flattened part of the temporal bone called the squamous temporal
  • flattened part of the sphenoid bone which is wedged between the frontal and temporal bone.
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5
Q

How are the bones of the skull joined together?

A

They are joined by sutures.

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6
Q

What kinds of joints are sutures?

A

They are fibrous joints.

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7
Q

Describe the coronal suture.

A

This joins the frontal bones with the parietal bones.

Runs in the coronal plane.

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8
Q

Describe the sagittal suture.

A

This lies between the 2 parietal bones and runs in the sagittal plane.

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9
Q

What is the metopic suture?

A

This suture is an additional suture that is present at birth in the midline and it separates the 2 halves of the frontal lobe. The 2 halves usually fuse in the 2nd year of life.

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10
Q

What is the bregma?

A

This is the point where the coronal suture and sagittal sutures meet in the adult.

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11
Q

How is the anterior fontanelle formed?

A

At birth, the bones at the bregma are not fully developed therefore they leave a gap.

The gap is covered by fibrous tissue.

The fibrous tissue is attached to the underlying dura.

The anterior fontanelle can be easily palpated in young babies but when the vault bones fuse at 2 years of age, it closes.

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12
Q

What is the lambda?

A

This is the point where the occipital bone meets the parietal bone.

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13
Q

Describe the lambdoid suture.

A

This runs between the parietal bones and the occipital bone, inferolaterally on each side towards the mastoid process.

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14
Q

Where is the asterion?

A

This is where the temporal, occipital and parietal bones meet. (TOP)

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15
Q

Where is the pterion?

A

This is where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones meet.

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16
Q

When the posterior, posterolateral and anterolateral fontanelle all close?

A

They close when the bones surrounding them fuse and close up the bony deficiencies a few months after birth.

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17
Q

How are the vault bones constructed?

A

They have a sandwich like structure.

There are outer and inner plates/ tables of compact bone.

Between the outer and inner plates we have spongy trabecular bone called diploe.

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18
Q

What process takes place in the diploe?

A

There is active red blood cell formation (erythropoiesis) that happens throughout life.

Therefore in some forms of anaemia, the diploe increases in thickness.

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19
Q

Where is the cranial base?

A

The cranial base lies beneath the brain.

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20
Q

Describe the orbital processes of the frontal bone.

A

The frontal bone has orbital processes that run a short way beneath the frontal lobes of the brain

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21
Q

Where is the sphenoid bone?

A

This is wedged across the cranial base between the frontal bones and the 2 temporal bones.

22
Q

What structures does the sphenoid bone support?

A

It supports parts of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain as well as the pituitary gland in the midline.

23
Q

What part of the temporal bone helps to support the temporal lobes of the brain?

A

The petrous temporal bone helps to support the temporal lobes of the brain. They run across the cranial base.

24
Q

Where is the foramen magnum?

A

This is a large foramen in the occipital bone.

25
Q

What is the spinal cord continuous with through the foramen magnum?

A

The spinal cord is continuous with medulla.

26
Q

In front of the foramen magnum, what does the basioccipital bone join with?

A

In front, the basioccipital bone runs forwards to join with the sphenoid bone.

27
Q

What shape is the foramen magnum behind the occipital bone?

A

It is cup shaped and supports the cerebellum here.

28
Q

Which bones make up the cranial base?

A

The frontal, temporal, sphenoid and occipital. (NOT PARIETAL)

29
Q

How many cranial fossa do we have?

A

3 - The anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa.

30
Q

How are the 3 cranial fossa arranged in relation to each other?

A

The anterior cranial fossa is higher than the middle cranial fossa which is higher than the posterior cranial fossa.

31
Q

What is most of the anterior cranial fossa formed by?

A

It is formed by 2 flattened orbital processes of the frontal bone. We have 1 orbital process on each side.

32
Q

Aside from forming the anterior cranial fossa, what do the orbital processes of the frontal bone also form?

A

They also form a roof over each orbit.

33
Q

What is the name of the delicate, frail, egg shell like bone that is between the orbital cavities that can only be seen intracranially?

A

The ethmoid bone.

34
Q

What does the intracranial surface of the ethmoid bone look like?

A

It is perforated by tiny holes for branches of the 1st cranial nerve which is called the olfactory nerve so that these branches can run through these holes from the top of the nose.

35
Q

What can we call the perforated intracranial surface of the ethmoid bone?

A

The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.

36
Q

What happens to the ethmoid bone in the midline of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

It is raised to a crest which is called the crista galli

37
Q

What is a consequence of the fact that the ethmoid bone is thin and fragile?

A

It can easily be fractured.

An injury to the ethmoid bone can result in:

  • loss of CSF
  • bleeding into the orbit (subconjunctival haemorrhage)
  • bleeding from the nose (epixtasis)
38
Q

What do the sides of the ethmoid bone make up?

A

The sides of the ethmoid bone are below the level of the anterior cranial fossa.

They make up the medial walls of the orbital cavities and the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

39
Q

What is the name of the midline septum of the ethmoid bone?

A

It is called the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.

This lies high in the nasal cavity in the plane of the crista galli.

Lower down, the perpendicular plate is continous with the midline cartilage of the nose.

40
Q

What bone lies behind the orbital processes of the frontal bone and ethmoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

The sphenoid bone.

41
Q

Is the sphenoid bone only responsible for forming the anterior cranial fossa?

A

No - it forms the anterior and middle cranial fossae.

42
Q

Describe the sphenoid bone.

A

The sphenoid bone is composed of a body centrally.

Wings arise from the body and they pass laterally.

When disarticulated, the sphenoid bone looks like a butterfuly.

43
Q

How many wings does the sphenoid bone have?

A

The sphenoid bone has 4 wings (but the lower 2 look more like legs than wings)

44
Q

What is the shape of the superior orbital fissure?

A

When seen from the orbital cavity, the superior orbital fissure is tear shaped.

45
Q

What wing of the sphenoid bone is the upper margin of the superior orbital fissure a part of?

A

The upper margin of the superior orbital fissure is part of sphenoid bone.

The lesser wing arises from the body of the sphenoid bone.

46
Q

What margin of the anterior cranial fossa does the lesser wing form?

A

The lesser wing forms the posterior margin of the anterior cranial fossa when you look intracranially.

47
Q

What wing of the sphenoid bone is the lower margin of the superior sphenoid bone a part of?

A

It is part of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

48
Q

How to the greater wings of the sphenoid bone help to form the middle cranial fossa?

A

They spread laterally to form the floor and the side walls of the middle cranial fossa.

49
Q

What part of the sphenoid bone contributes to the vault bones at the pterion?

A

The flattened outer part of the sphenoid bone.

50
Q

What is most of the middle cranial fossa formed by?

A

It is formed by the body and greater wings of the sphenoid bones.

Head and Neck Anatomy (36 decks)

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