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MUS 215: Appreciation of Music > The Nineteenth Century > Flashcards

The Nineteenth Century Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Lied (plural: Lieder)?

A

A Romantic era art song written in German that places poems to music. Performed using a solo singer with piano accompaniment. Performed by both amateurs and professionals.

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2
Q

What were common lied themes?

A
  1. Love.
  2. Longing.
  3. The beauty of nature.
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3
Q

What is a song cycle?

A

A group of lieder that have a unified theme written by the same composer. Each song is normally on the shorter side.

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4
Q

What is a strophic song structure?

A

When every stanza has the same melody.

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5
Q

What is a through-composed structure?

A

When there is no repetition in the whole section.

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6
Q

What is a modified strophic song structure?

A

When a piece has a mixture of through-composed and strophic structures.

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7
Q

Who was Franz Schubert and what were some of his accomplishments?

A
  1. Vienna-born composer, singer, and pianist who was seen as a songwriting prodigy.
  2. Wrote in both Classical (symphonies and chamber music) and Romantic (lieder and piano music) styles.
  3. Formed Schubertiads (musical salons).
  4. Wrote over 600 lieders, nine symphonies, song cycles, piano music, chamber music, and choral music.
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8
Q

What is Elfking (Erlkonig)?

A
  1. The first lieder written by Schubert.
  2. Based on a dramatic Danish poem.
  3. Contains four characters voiced by one singer, each character is denoted by a shift in the music.
  4. Contains intense emotional expression.
  5. Fanciful and passionate subjects.
  6. Through-composed.
  7. Fast, eerie, and dramatic.
  8. Constant triplets imitating horse hooves.
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9
Q

Who was Robert Schumann and what were his major accomplishments?

A
  1. German composer and music critic.
  2. Established The New Journal of Music.
  3. Created music with impassioned melodies, driving rhythms, and novel harmonic changes.
  4. Wrote over 200 lieders, several song cycles, piano music, and four symphonies.
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10
Q

What is A Poet’s Love (Dichterliebe)?

A
  1. A song cycle written by Schumann.
  2. Based on 16 poems by Heinrich Heine.
  3. Follows the psychological progress of a romantic relationship (freshness of love to complete despair).
  4. The Lovely Month of May.
    4a. Strophic form with two strophes.
    4b. Piano pre-, inter-, and postlude.
    4c. Harmonic meandering between two keys.
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11
Q

What instrument was central to Western musical tradition during the nineteenth century?

A

The piano.

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12
Q

What qualities made the piano a valuable instrument in the nineteenth century?

A
  1. Wide dynamics.
  2. Resonant effect.
  3. Could perform polyphony and homophony.
  4. Seen as part of a refined education.
  5. Affordable.
  6. Metal frame with increased string tension, improved mechanical action, and extended range.
  7. A developing concert industry.
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13
Q

What is a character piece?

A

A short piece inspired by dances and had a fanciful title. Simple to compose and sell.

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14
Q

Who was Franz Francois Chopin and what were his major accomplishments?

A
  1. Born in Warsaw, Poland.
  2. Wrote works central to the piano still used today.
  3. Originated modern piano style.
  4. Used ornamented melodies (ex: trills, runs, grace notes).
  5. Composed a wide variety of music.
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15
Q

What is Polonaise in A Major (Military) by Chopin?

A
  1. A song with an insistent triple-meter rhythm.
  2. Written in a three-part form similar to a minuet-and-trio (main theme, different theme, main theme).
  3. Fortissimo climax.
  4. High level of technical virtuosity is required.
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16
Q

What is polonaise?

A

A song derived from a traditional Polish dance.

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17
Q

How were women seen in music before the nineteenth century?

A
  1. Composition discouraged.
  2. Limited public performances.
  3. Were patrons, sponsors, and teachers.
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18
Q

How were women seen in music during the nineteenth century?

A
  1. Were allowed into conservatories.
  2. Taught music.
  3. Could play the piano.
  4. Some resided over salons.
    ex: Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel and Clara Weick Schumann.
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19
Q

Who was Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel and what were her major accomplishments?

A
  1. Raised in Berlin.
  2. Composer and pianist.
  3. Sister of Felix Mendelssohn.
  4. Chamber music, over 125 piano works, over 250 lieder, and vocal music.
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20
Q

What is The Year?

A
  1. A piano cycle (12 character pieces, 1 for each month).
  2. Each poem is prefaced by a poetic epigram.
  3. Has a unified movement.
  4. Tonal schemes.
  5. References other composers.
  6. September: At The River.
    6a. Melancholic mood, meandering melody.
    6b. A-B-A’.
    6c. Slow-paced melody against fast-moving lines and chords.
    6d. Decrescendo with a pianissimo end.
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21
Q

What is program music?

A

Instrumental music with pictorial or literary associations. Preferred over classical music.

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22
Q

What themes were commonly addressed in pictorial works?

A

Political issues and moral issues.

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23
Q

Who was Hector Berlioz and what were his major accomplishments?

A
  1. French conductor and composer.
  2. First great proponent of romantic music in France.
  3. Influenced by Shakespeare and Beethoven.
  4. Won the Prix de Rome.
  5. Known for a passionate, intense, and bold musical style common for all romantic composers. Master of orchestration.
  6. Wrote music reviews, three operas, orchestral overtures, choral music, and program symphonies.
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24
Q

What is the symphonie fantastique?

A
  1. A 5-movement program symphony written by Berlioz.
  2. Based on his infatuation with Harriet Smithson.
  3. Dream of a Witches’ Sabbath.
    3a. Slow and eerie opening with chromatic scales and muted strings.
    3b. Idee fixe.
    3c. Dissonant, chromatic harmonies.
    3d. Dies Irae quoted.
    3e. “Dances of Witches” in a fugal setting.
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25
Q

What was the Romantic era interested in?

A

The grotesque and supernatural.

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26
Q

What is idee fixe (fixed idea)?

A

A recurrent theme in a piece of music associated with a particular person or event. When the theme plays, it means the person or event is present.

27
Q

What is a concert overture?

A

A single-movement concert piece for an orchestra. An overgrowth of opera overture that evokes place or idea while retaining Classical form.

28
Q

What is incidental music?

A

Overtures and other music played between acts of a play. Enhances spoken drama. Influential to the development of film music.

29
Q

What is a symphonic poem/tone poem?

A

A one-movement orchestral work that is as long as a symphony. Known for freer structure, flexibility, and contrasting sections (suggests poetic scenes, moods, and ideas).

30
Q

Who was Felix Mendelssohn?

A
  1. A German pianist, composer, conductor, and educator.
  2. Spurred the revival of Bach’s choral music.
  3. Composed with speed and facility.
  4. Founded the conservatory in Leipzig.
  5. Preserved the tradition of classical era form.
31
Q

What is Overture to A Midsummer Night’s Dream?

A
  1. A concert overture written by Felix Mendelssohn based on Shakespeare’s comedy.
  2. Descriptive plot and characters.
  3. Sonata-allegro form and fast duple meter.
32
Q

What is nationalism?

A

The pride of conquering nations and the struggle for freedom.

33
Q

How did nationalism influence music?

A

Music based on folk songs, national dances, folklore, national heroes, and historical events began to be written.

34
Q

Who was Edvard Grieg?

A
  1. A Norwegian pianist, composer, and international figure.
  2. Studied in Leipzig.
  3. Influenced by Mendelssohn and Schumann.
  4. Promoted Scandinavian music.
  5. Known for smaller-scale works, lyricism, and nationalistic use of dances and folk music.
35
Q

What is Peer Gynt, Suite No. 1?

A
  1. Edvard Grieg wrote incidental music for the play by Henrik Ibsen based on the Norwegian folk tale.
  2. Excerpted into independent suites. 2 suites, 4 movements each.
    a. Morning Mood: Depiction of sunrise.
    b. In the Hall of the Mountain King: Grotesque ballet music.
36
Q

What was ballet’s presence during the Renaissance era?

A
  1. It was performed at festivals, royal courts, and large events.
  2. Called masque in England, intermedio in Italy, and ballet de cour in France.
37
Q

What was ballet’s presence during the seventeenth century?

A
  1. Featured in the court of King Louis XIV.
  2. Performed in the middle of French operas.
38
Q

What was ballet’s presence during the eighteenth century?

A

Had grown in popularity and had become its own art form.

39
Q

What was ballet’s presence during the nineteenth century?

A

Preeminent in France and Russia.

40
Q

Do musicians also write the choreography for the ballet they composed?

A

No, a choreographer will normally create the choreography.

41
Q

Who was Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky and what were his major accomplishments?

A
  1. Russian composer.
  2. Studied at the Conservatory of St. Petersburg.
  3. Extremely sensitive and prone to depression.
  4. Was sponsored by Nadezhda von Meck, a wealthy widow.
  5. Conducted the opening of Carnegie Hall in 1891.
  6. Composed three ballets(The Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, The Nutcracker), 4 concertos, 7 symphonies, 8 operas, choral music, and chamber music.
42
Q

What is The Nutcracker?

A
  1. A ballet composed by Tchaikovsky and choreographed by Marius Petipa.
  2. Based on a story by E.T.A. Hoffman.
  3. Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy.
    3a. A, B, A’.
    3b. Bouncy duple meter.
    3c. A section: celesta and bell-like timbre.
    3d. B section: brief, woodwinds and celesta answered by strings.
    3e. Pizzacato intro. and closing.
43
Q

What is a trepak?

A

A traditional Russian dance.

44
Q

What happened during the Post-Romantic Era?

A

An intensification of ideas and themes in Late Romanticism occurred in Italy, Germany, and Austria.

45
Q

Who were the three major composers during Post-Romanticism?

A
  1. Richard Strauss.
  2. Giacomo Puccini.
  3. Gustav Mahler.
46
Q

What is verismo opera?

A
  1. Realistic opera or opera that focuses on subjects from everyday life.
  2. Treated in a down-to-earth fashion.
  3. Had counterparts in France and Germany.
47
Q

Who was Giacomo Puccini?

A
  1. Italian composer.
  2. The main voice of the verismo movement.
  3. Wrote bel canto (beautiful singing) style soaring melodies, leitmotifs (idee fixe), and orchestral timbre.
  4. Wrote Turandot, Tosca, La boheme, and Madame Butterfly.
  5. Wrote solo piano works, chamber music, orchestral music, choral works, and 12 operas.
48
Q

What is Madame Butterfly?

A
  1. Based on Madame Chrysantheme by Pierre Loti.
  2. A combination of verismo and exoticism.
  3. Uses whole tone and pentatonic scales (allows audience freedom and provides a dreamy feeling).
  4. Un bel di (One beautiful day).
    4a. Opens with an ethereal voice accompanied by a violin.
    4b. Rich accompaniment by an orchestra throughout.
    4c. Rising dynamics, emotional build-up.
49
Q

What is exoticism?

A

The use of music and characteristics of music from other countries. ex: Japanese themes and a reference to The Star-Spangled Banner.

50
Q

What are the five streams of French music?

A
  1. Grand orchestral.
  2. Theatrical production.
  3. Pianists in salons.
  4. Pianists in concert halls.
  5. Melodie (French art song).
51
Q

Who was Gabriel Faure and what were his major accomplishments?

A
  1. Composer, music critic, and teacher.
  2. Director of the Paris Conservatory.
  3. Major proponent of French Impressionism.
  4. Known for an intimate style full of personal sentiment.
  5. Master of melodie.
52
Q

What is Faure’s Requiem?

A
  1. A piece that was written over the span of twenty years.
  2. Contains 7 movements containing edited Latin liturgical texts.
  3. Organ, harp, and brass.
  4. Small scale.
  5. Libera me (Deliver me, O Lord).
    5a. Baritone solo.
    5b. Homophonic, pulsating ostinato in the opening.
    5c. Sensitive dynamics.
    5d. Serene mood.
53
Q

What is absolute music?

A

Music with no program or related story/art. Just music.

54
Q

What is opera seria?

A

A form of opera performed in Italian that contains themes of antiquity, royalty, and mythology. Very rigid structure and was meant for the aristocracy.

55
Q

What is opera buffa?

A

A form of opera performed in the vernacular that contains themes of present issues. Presented in a satirical way. Sponsored by the rising merchant middle class. Called singspiel in Germany.

56
Q

What is a music drama?

A

A drama performed through singing with an orchestral accompaniment.

57
Q

What is Gesamtkunstwerk?

A

A German word translating to a total work of art (usually when multiple art forms are combined to create a cohesive product).

58
Q

What is impressionism?

A

A form of music that came about in the Late Romanticism era. Explores mood and atmosphere through timbre, orchestration, and progressive harmonic concepts.

59
Q

Who was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. German poet.
  2. Wrote Erlkonig.
60
Q

Who was Clara Schumann and what were some of her major accomplishments?

A
  1. Influential German pianist, piano teacher, and composer.
  2. Mother of Felix Schumann.
  3. Composed piano music.
61
Q

Who was Johannes Brahms and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. A German composer.
  2. Composed the Lullaby/Cradle.
  3. Romantic era composer.
  4. Composed in many genres.
62
Q

Who was Giuseppe Verdi and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. An Italian opera composer.
  2. Composed during the Romantic era.
63
Q

Who was Richard Wagner and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. German composer.
  2. Composed the music and wrote the libretto for his operas.
  3. Composed Ride of the Valkyries and Gottendamerang.

MUS 215: Appreciation of Music (7 decks)

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