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MUS 215: Appreciation of Music > Modernism > Flashcards

Modernism Flashcards

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1
Q

What was brought to center stage during the Modernism movement?

A

Dissonance and atonality.

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2
Q

What is atonality?

A

No centering on a tonal area. The music can be disjunct.

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3
Q

Who was Arnold Schoenberg and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. Viennese educator, conductor, and expressionist composer.
  2. Taught Anton Webern and Alban Berg.
  3. Served in the military during WWI.
  4. Faculty member at USC and UCLA.
  5. Went through a post-Wagnerian romantic period, an atonal Expressionism period, and a twelve tone-technique period.
  6. Composed operas, choral, orchestral, piano, and chamber music.
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4
Q

What is Expressionism?

A

A musical movement with a fascination in the darker side of the unconcious human psyche. Known for wide melodic leaps, extreme registers, atonal music, and hyper-expressive harmonies.

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5
Q

What is atonal music?

A

The rejection of tonality by using highly dissonant musical combinations to maximize tension.

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6
Q

What is the twelve-tone method?

A

A way of organizing atonality in which all twelve pitches must be played before the others can be repeated.

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7
Q

What is Perrot lunaire?

A
  1. A song cycle written by Schoenberg during his Expressionism period.
  2. 21 songs, 3 parts (7 each).
  3. Abrupt mood changes.
  4. Macabre and bizarre.
  5. Female vocalist and chamber ensemble.
  6. Includes Klangarbenmelodie and Sprechstimme.
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8
Q

What is Klangarbenmelodie?

A

A German word translating to tone-color melody. This is accomplished by a different instrument playing a single note in a melody, evoking a shifting effect.

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9
Q

What is Sprechstimme?

A

A German word translating to speechlike melody. This is done by speaking on pitch with the music instead of singing.

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10
Q

Who was Igor Stravinsky and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. Russian composer, conductor, and pianist.
  2. Wrote The Firebird, The Rite of Spring, and Petrushka for the Ballet Russes.
  3. Has been concertized worldwide.
  4. Went through post-Impressionism, primitivism, controlled Classicism /Neo-Classicism, and twelve-tone periods.
  5. Wrote songs, orchestral music, piano music, ballets, chamber music, operas, choral music, and theater works.
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11
Q

What is The Rite of Spring (Scenes of Pagan Russia)?

A

A ballet that Stravinsky composed for that relies heavily on primitivism. Includes polytonality, polyrhythms, harsh and loud tones shifting constantly, and quotes from Russian folk songs.

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12
Q

What is the Dance of Youths and Maidens?

A

A section from The Rite of Spring that alternates between Russian folk songs and non-sensical music. Played forcefully with a high-energy orchestra. Polytonal.

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13
Q

Who was Lili Boulanger and what were her major accomplishments?

A
  1. A Parisian composer.
  2. First woman to win the Prix de Rome in 1913.
  3. Wrote a musical version of Psalm 24.
  4. Lyrical and innovative musical style.
  5. Focus on choral and chamber music.
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14
Q

What is Psalm 24 (music)?

A

A ten-verse song version of Psalm 24 written in ABA form. Contains a strong trumpet opening, tenor and bass parts.

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15
Q

Who were the members of The Second Vinesses School of Music?

A

Berg, Weburn, and Schoenberg.

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16
Q

What are tone rows?

A

A method used in twelve-tone music where melodies are retrograde, inverted, transposed, etc.

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17
Q

Who was Alban Berg and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. A teacher and author.
  2. Music rooted in German Romanticism.
  3. Wrote music and a libretto for Wozzek (3 acts, 5 scenes).
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18
Q

What is big band?

A

A type of jazz band made up of 10 or more people that fell into a rhythm, saxophone, trumpet, or trombone section.

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19
Q

What is bebop?

A
  1. A derivative of jazz that appeared in the late 1940s that was named after the trademark two-note rhythm (be-bop).
  2. Known for complex harmonies and fast tempos.
  3. Led by Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet), Theolonius Monk (piano), and Charlie Parker(saxophone).
20
Q

What is blues?

A
  1. A predecessor to jazz that originated in the Mississippi Delta after the Civil War based on the work songs of African Americans.
  2. Called blues due to the use of blue notes (notes that bend the pitch).
  3. Themes of the problems of everyday life.
  4. A singer accompanied by a steel-string guitar.
21
Q

What is the Prix de Rome?

A

A prestigious French award that grants the recipient a monetary reward and a three-year residency in Italy. Winners gain instant fame. Was open to women as of 1903.

22
Q

Who was part of The First Viennese School?

A

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Some include Schubert.

23
Q

What is ragtime?

A

A piano style created by African Americans known for its highly syncopated melodies. Could be played in ensemble arrangements.

24
Q

What is jazz?

A

A fusion of ragtime and blues that was known for a strong underlying pulse, polyrhythms, and syncopation. Also included African-derived techniques in the melody.
*Has many different subtypes.

25
Q

What is scat-singing?

A

Improvising nonsense syllables. This technique is commonly used in jazz singing.

26
Q

What is a blue note?

A

A note that is played when the third, fifth, or seventh note of a scale is dropped in pitch. Commonly used in jazz and blues (where blues gets its name).

27
Q

What is the Harlem Renaissance?

A

A two-decade movement that placed emphasis on African American arts and culture. Helped to bring African American artists into the spotlight.

28
Q

Who was Duke Ellington and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. A major artistic figure in The Harlem Renaissance.
  2. Composer, band leader, arranger, and jazz pianist.
  3. Recorded music featured in many films.
  4. Credited with bringing jazz to new heights.
  5. Collaborated with Billy Strayhorn.
29
Q

Who was Anton Webern and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. A student of Schoenberg.
  2. Austrian composer, conductor, and teacher.
  3. Extended Schoenberg’s twelve-tone system.
30
Q

Who were the Ballet Russes?

A

A Russian ballet company that contracted Stravinsky to write music for ballets.

31
Q

Who was Nijinsky and what were some of their major accomplishments?

A

A virtuosic Russian dancer that danced in the Rite of Spring.

32
Q

Who was Nadia Boulanger and what were some of her major accomplishments?

A
  1. A famous pedagogue.
  2. Older sister of Lili Boulanger.
  3. Won second place in the Prix de Rome in 1908.
  4. Trained many musicians.
  5. One of the twentieth century’s most influential teachers of composition.
33
Q

Who was Louis Armstrong and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. A renowned improviser and trumpet player.
  2. Learned scat-singing from Billie Holiday.
  3. Considered to be the most important force in 20th-century jazz.
  4. Demonstrated that jazz could be a solo art.
34
Q

Who was Billie Holiday and what were some of her major accomplishments?

A
  1. A blues singer with the stage name Lady Day.
  2. Self-taught singer who was naturally gifted.
  3. Sang in clubs throughout Harlem and Brooklyn.
  4. Was the first blues singer to break the color barrier.
  5. Recorded an album with clarinetist Benny Goodman.
35
Q

Who was William Grant Still and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. An African American composer and violinist.
  2. One of the most influential voices of the Harlem Renaissance.
  3. Composed for radio and television.
  4. Broke color barriers.
  5. Received the Guggenheim Fellowship.
36
Q

What is a song plugger?

A

Someone who demonstrates and sells sheet music. Often jazz and ragtime.

37
Q

What is mariachi?

A

A traditional Mexican ensemble consisting of a trumpet, bass guitar, violin, and guitar.

38
Q

What is the Aztec Renaissance?

A

The period after the Mexican Revolution that is known for composers tapping into native music and placing a modern twist on it.

39
Q

What is Mestizo?

A

People of mixed Amerindian and Spanish descent.

40
Q

Who was George Gershwin and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. A song plugger on Tin Pan Alley.
  2. Considered one of the twentieth century’s most gifted American composers.
  3. United popular and classical styles.
  4. Known for rhythmic vitality, blue notes, syncopation, sudden tonality shifts, etc.
  5. Wrote Porgy and Bess, Rhapsody in Blue, etc.
41
Q

Who was Charles Ives and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. A Connecticut-born composer and business executive.
  2. Studied composition at Yale.
  3. Composed in his spare time.
  4. Embraced vernacular music, but his music was rarely heard and not well received initially.
  5. Used polyrhythms and polytonality.
  6. Based his music on his childhood.
  7. Wrote County Band March.
42
Q

Who was Aaron Copeland and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. Brookyln-born Jewish composer.
  2. Studied under Nadia Boulanger.
  3. Victim of McCarthyism.
  4. Music placed emphasis on national pride.
  5. Best known for orchestral music.
  6. Drew upon Euro-American vernacular traditions.
  7. Wrote Appalachian Spring.
43
Q

Who was Silvestre Revueltas and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. Major figure in the Mestizos Realism movement.
  2. Used elements of mariachi bands and folk music.
  3. Mexican conductor, composer, and violin prodigy.
  4. Composed anti-fascist works during the Spanish Civil War.
  5. Composed The Night of the Mayas.
44
Q

Who was Bela Bartok and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. A Hungarian ethnomusicologist and piano virtuoso.
  2. Toured remote villages with Kodaly.
  3. Collected over 2,00 folk songs and dances.
  4. Known for a neoclassicism style (Traditional Hungarian songs mixed with current European music).
  5. Wrote Concerto for Orchestra.
45
Q

Who was Zoltan Kodaly and what were some of his major accomplishments?

A
  1. Toured remote villages with Bartok.

MUS 215: Appreciation of Music (7 decks)

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