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Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Pharamacology > The Neurophysiology of Appetite Control > Flashcards

The Neurophysiology of Appetite Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the brain pathways involved in appetite?

A

Hypothalamus (connections to hind & limbic)

Orbitofrontal (sensory meets hedonic)

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2
Q

What is the definition of hunger?

A

The physiological need to eat food

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3
Q

What is the definition of appetite?

A

The desire to eat food

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4
Q

What is the definition of satiety?

A

Absence of hunger (feeling full)

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5
Q

What are three factors that are involved in feeding and appetite?

A

Processing sensory information (motivation & learning)

Evaluating desirability (reward representations)

Choosing appropriate behaviour (hedonic experience)

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6
Q

What sensors are involved in feeding and appetite?

A

5 sensors
GI sensory receptors: distention

Cardiovascular receptors: BP & CO2 in blood

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7
Q

What effectors are involved in feeding and appetite?

A

Hypothalamus & its interconnections

Orbitofrontal Cortex (sensory meets hedonic)

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8
Q

When the lateral hypothalamus is stimulated, what does it make you feel?

A

Hungry (hunger centre)

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9
Q

What does a lesioned(destroyed ) lateral hypothalamus mean?

A

You will never be hungry again

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10
Q

What does a lesioned (destroyed) ventromedial hypothalamus mean?

A

You will never be full again

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11
Q

When the ventromedial hypothalamus is stimulated, what does it make you feel?

A

Full (satiety centre)

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12
Q

What are neural signals from GI tract for short term regulation of human food intake?

A

Stretch receptors inhibit appetite

Vagus nerve/ GI tract to hypothalamus

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13
Q

What are nutrition signals of short term regulation of human food intake?

A

Rising blood glucose levels

Elevate blood levels of amino & fatty acids

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14
Q

Which hormones inhibit hunger?

A

Insulin & Cholecystokinin (CKK) released from GI tract

Leptin (adipose tissue)

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15
Q

Which hormones stimulate hunger?

A

Glucagon & Adrenaline (fasting)

Ghrelin (stomach)

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16
Q

What effects does resistin have?

A

Increases liver production of LDL

Decreases LDL receptors in liver

Accelerates accumulation of LDL in arteries

17
Q

What are the effects of resisting linked to?

A

Increases obesity & type 2 DM

Increases inflammation & insulin resistance

Increases pro-inflammatory cytokines

Decreases response to statins

18
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in eating?

A

5HT, GABA, DA

19
Q

What neuropeptides are involved in eating?

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Orexins (OX)
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)

20
Q

What does it mean if something is orexigenic?

A

It stimulates feeding

21
Q

What does it mean if something is anorexigenic?

A

It inhibits feeding

22
Q

What does the abdominal viscera communicate with the brain regarding?

A

Processing of ingested food

Metabolic effects of the absorbed nutrients

Gut endocrine secretions

23
Q

What are the means of communication for hormonal responses?

A

G.I , pancreatic & brain peptides

24
Q

What are the means of communications for neutral responses?

A

Vagal & spinal visceral afferents from the gut

25
Q

What hormonal controls highly regulate gastric emptying?

A

CCK
Amylin
Ghrelin

26
Q

What % of women have anorexia nervosa?

A

0.9-4.3%

27
Q

What % of men have anorexia nervosa?

A

0.2-0.3%

28
Q

What is thought to be a cause of anorexia nervosa?

A

Genetic factors - clutter with affective disorder

29
Q

What are the main goals for anorexia treatment?

A

Resorting healthy weight
Treating psychological problems
Addressing behaviours that promote the disorder

30
Q

What does cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) address for anorexia treatment?

A

Unhealthy patterns of behaviour/ thinking developed in childhood

31
Q

What does cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)involve for anorexia treatment?

A

Adopt more healthy realistic ways of thinking

32
Q

What does interpersonal therapy address?

A

Problems with social interactions

33
Q

What medications are used for anorexia treatment?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Depression/ anxiety when started to gain weight

Olanzapine (non response to other treatments)

Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Pharamacology (7 decks)

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