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Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Pharamacology > Nutrition and Health > Flashcards

Nutrition and Health Flashcards

1
Q

Define nutrition

A

The science of food and its relationship to health

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2
Q

Define nutrient

A

A specific dietary constituent

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3
Q

What are the different kinds of nutrients? And give examples.

A

macronutrients= proteins, carbohydrates & fats + water

Micronutrients= vitamins & minerals

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4
Q

What is dietetics?

A

Practical application of the principals of nutrition

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5
Q

What is good nutrition?

A

Maintaining a nutritional status that enables us to grow well enjoy good health

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates for?

A

Energy and a fibre source

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7
Q

What are fats for?

A

Energy storage & cell repair

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8
Q

What is protein for?

A

Body building
Repair & maintenance of body tissue
Maintenance of osmotic pressure
Synthesis of bioactive substances/vital molecules

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9
Q

What is water for?

A

Solvent & lubricant
Transport of nutrients
Temperature regulation

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10
Q

What are vitamins for?

A

Organic compounds/ vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts

Involved in chemical reactions

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11
Q

What are minerals for?

A

Involved in enzyme functions
Maintaining nerve impulses
Bone formation

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12
Q

What does chromium do?

A

influences insulin

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13
Q

What does Manganese / molybdenum act as?

A

enzyme activators

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14
Q

What does Nickel do?

A

Influences the amount of iron we absorb from foods

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15
Q

What does potassium do?

A

controls body fluid balance, correct functioning of heart muscle, bananas & meat

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16
Q

What does Selenium do?

A

immune system & reproductive function (brazil nuts, fish)

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17
Q

What does zinc do?

A

New cell formation, metabolic activator & wound healing (meat, shellfish, dairy)

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18
Q

What does calcium do?

A

Formation / maintenance of bones & teeth

Muscle contraction

Blood clotting functions

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19
Q

How much calcium do adults need a day?

A

Adults need 700-1000mg / day

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20
Q

What does iron do?

A

Helps make Haemoglobin in red blood cells

Oxygen carrying capacity

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21
Q

What is a lack of iron called?

A

Anaemia

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22
Q

What is the RDA of iron?

A

Women: 14.8 mg / day

Men 8.7 mg / day

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23
Q

What are grains important for getting?

A

vitamin B1, C , manganese and folate

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24
Q

What are vegetables important for getting?

A

Vitamins and potassium

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25
Q

What are fruits important for getting?

A

Vitamins A,B,C,D,E,K, magnesium, calcium and phosphorous

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26
Q

What are the percentages of each food group should you been eating with the eat well plate?

A

70% Carbohydrates 20% Protein + Fat 10% Treats

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27
Q

What is the net evaluation of proteins based on?

A

Biological value
Digestibility coefficient
Protein efficiency ratio
Net protein utilisation (NPU)

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28
Q

What is the assessment of protein nutritional status?

A

Serum Albumin Concentration
Normal = >3.5 g/dl
Malnutirion =

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29
Q

What are nuts and seed important for?

A

Manganese, magnesium and vitamin E

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30
Q

What is seafood important for?

A

Omega-3

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31
Q

What are some proven benefits of fish?

A

Lowers triglyceride levels (4 g / day ↓ triglycerides by 25-40%, additive with statins)

Reduces risk of death, MI, abnormal heart rhythms & strokes in people with known cardiovascular disease

Prevents pathology: Slows build up of atherosclerotic plaques & lowers BP slightly

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32
Q

What is the definition of a calorie?

A

The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Centigrade at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (cal)

Kcal: (1 kg water)

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33
Q

What are the daily recommended calorie intakes?

A

Average 75kg man: 2,500 Kcal/day

Average 65kg woman: 2,000 Kcal/day

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34
Q

What is the calorie expenditure?

A

60% from resting metabolic rate

10% Thermic effect of food

30% activity thermogenisis

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35
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

BMR is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state (digestive system is inactive, (after approx. twelve hours of fasting).

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36
Q

What percentage of daily calories burnt are from BMR?

A

60-75%

37
Q

What does 3500 calories equal in pounds?

A

1 pound of body fat

38
Q

What is glycaemic index?

A

Ranking of carbon containing foods based on overall effect on blood glucose levels

39
Q

What is 99% of adipose fat stored as?

A

triglycerides

40
Q

What is the percentage of body fat in women?

A

25-31%

41
Q

What is the percentage of body fat in men?

A

18-24%

42
Q

What does 1kg of adipose tissue equal in terms of energy?

A

7700 kcal of energy

43
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

Those that cannot be synthesised by humans. Must be obtained through dietary sources

44
Q

What are examples of essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid

45
Q

Give a example of a study that identified common factors that contribute to CHD?

A

Framingham Heart Study

46
Q

What is cholesterol produced by?

A

The liver

47
Q

What are the percentages of cholesterol supplied by the diet and manufactured by the liver?

A

20 % supplied by diet

80% manufactured by liver

48
Q

What are vital functions of cholesterol?

A

Epidermal waterproofing

Structural element of all cell membranes

Production of steroid hormones & Vit D3

49
Q

What are excess lipids broken down to?

A

Acetyl-CoA to synthesis cholesterol

50
Q

What can also affect cholesterol levels?

A

Genes

51
Q

What is cholesterol attached to when transported round the body?

A

Protein (lipoprotein)

52
Q

What % of LDL are transported this way attached to lipoprotein?

A

70%

53
Q

What % of HDL are transported this way attached to lipoprotein?

A

20%

54
Q

What VLDL lipoprotein are transported this way?

A

Triglycerides from food transported this way

55
Q

What do monounsaturated fats do?

A

Reduce LDL, heart attacks and strokes

56
Q

What do monounsaturated fats contain?

A

Vitamin E

57
Q

What is the consistency of monosaturated fats at different temperatures?

A

In the refrigerator, MUFAs are semi-solid or solid; at room temperature, they’re liquid

58
Q

What is the consistency of PUFA’s at different temperatures?

A

Remain liquid at room temperature and when chilled

59
Q

What are PUFA’s?

A

polyunsaturated fats

60
Q

What do PUFA’s do?

A

Improve blood cholesterol levels & lessen the risk for type 2 diabetes

61
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Artificial: formed when oil goes through a hydrogenation process making the oil more solid

62
Q

What are trans fats in?

A

In frying or in processed foods

63
Q

What do trans fats do to products?

A

Lengthens shelf life

64
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Waxy substance made by the liver

Carried on lipoproteins HDL, LDL

65
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A

Vital role in cell function

Needed to make vitamin D, hormones & bile for digestion

66
Q

Give example of some foods that lower cholesterol?

A

Soya foods, nuts, oats & barely, fruits & veg

67
Q

What is the healthy range for cholesterol?

A

Total cholesterol

68
Q

What is fibre made up of?

A

Waxes, lignin & polysaccharides eg: cellulose & pectin

69
Q

What is the recommended adult intake of fibre?

A

18g/day

70
Q

What conditions/disease are low fibre diets associated with?

A

constipation & GI disease eg: bowel cancer

71
Q

What can high fibre diet do?

A

Lower cholesterol

Reduce risk of diabetes

Help protect against overweight

72
Q

How much calories/day does 1lb of muscle burn?

A

3-7 calories/ day

73
Q

How much calories/day does fat burn?

A

2-3 calories/day

74
Q

What is a superfood?

A

A nutrient rich food considered to be especially beneficial for health and well-being

75
Q

What is problems with products being labelled superfoods?

A

most research on superfoods tests chemicals and extracts in concentrations not found in the food in its natural state

76
Q

What are advantages of coconut oil?

A

Antibacterial, antiviral, anti-parasitic

Positive effects on obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance & hypertension

Some research for potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

77
Q

What does beetroot contain?

A

Iron & folate, nitrates & antioxidants (betaine)

78
Q

What is a advantage of beetroot?

A

Facilitates sustained exercise performance

79
Q

What do pomegranates contain?

A

Fibre, vitamins, A,C,E, iron + antioxidants (tannins)

80
Q

What do blueberries contain?

A

Vit C, K, antioxidants (anthocyanins)

81
Q

What is a antioxidant?

A

Any molecule that can block free radicals from stealing electrons

82
Q

What are some dietary antioxidants?

A

Vitamins A, E, C , carotenoids, Lipoic acid, Phenolic acids, selenium

83
Q

What is a Mediterranean diet?

A

High consumption vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, wholegrains, fermented dairy products, fish & mono-saturated fat

Low intake of alcohol & red meat

84
Q

What is gluten found in?

A

wheat, rye & barley

85
Q

What foods is gluten found in??

A

bread, pasta, cereals, cakes & biscuits

86
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

Immune response damages gut lining: bloating, diarrhoea, nausea, tiredness & headaches

87
Q

What %of population truly have gluten intolerance?

A

Less than 1%

88
Q

Why would someone have a diary free diet?

A

Allergy: immune response to proteins (albumin, casein or whey in cows milk)

Dermatological or digestive manifestations

89
Q

What can a dairy free diet lead to?

A

Severe reduction in fat soluble vitamins

Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Pharamacology (7 decks)

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