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Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Pharamacology > Nutrition and Health > Flashcards

Nutrition and Health Flashcards

1
Q

Define nutrition

A

The science of food and its relationship to health

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2
Q

Define nutrient

A

A specific dietary constituent

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3
Q

What are the different kinds of nutrients? And give examples.

A

macronutrients= proteins, carbohydrates & fats + water

Micronutrients= vitamins & minerals

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4
Q

What is dietetics?

A

Practical application of the principals of nutrition

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5
Q

What is good nutrition?

A

Maintaining a nutritional status that enables us to grow well enjoy good health

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates for?

A

Energy and a fibre source

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7
Q

What are fats for?

A

Energy storage & cell repair

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8
Q

What is protein for?

A

Body building
Repair & maintenance of body tissue
Maintenance of osmotic pressure
Synthesis of bioactive substances/vital molecules

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9
Q

What is water for?

A

Solvent & lubricant
Transport of nutrients
Temperature regulation

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10
Q

What are vitamins for?

A

Organic compounds/ vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts

Involved in chemical reactions

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11
Q

What are minerals for?

A

Involved in enzyme functions
Maintaining nerve impulses
Bone formation

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12
Q

What does chromium do?

A

influences insulin

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13
Q

What does Manganese / molybdenum act as?

A

enzyme activators

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14
Q

What does Nickel do?

A

Influences the amount of iron we absorb from foods

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15
Q

What does potassium do?

A

controls body fluid balance, correct functioning of heart muscle, bananas & meat

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16
Q

What does Selenium do?

A

immune system & reproductive function (brazil nuts, fish)

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17
Q

What does zinc do?

A

New cell formation, metabolic activator & wound healing (meat, shellfish, dairy)

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18
Q

What does calcium do?

A

Formation / maintenance of bones & teeth

Muscle contraction

Blood clotting functions

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19
Q

How much calcium do adults need a day?

A

Adults need 700-1000mg / day

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20
Q

What does iron do?

A

Helps make Haemoglobin in red blood cells

Oxygen carrying capacity

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21
Q

What is a lack of iron called?

A

Anaemia

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22
Q

What is the RDA of iron?

A

Women: 14.8 mg / day

Men 8.7 mg / day

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23
Q

What are grains important for getting?

A

vitamin B1, C , manganese and folate

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24
Q

What are vegetables important for getting?

A

Vitamins and potassium

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25
What are fruits important for getting?
Vitamins A,B,C,D,E,K, magnesium, calcium and phosphorous
26
What are the percentages of each food group should you been eating with the eat well plate?
70% Carbohydrates 20% Protein + Fat 10% Treats
27
What is the net evaluation of proteins based on?
Biological value Digestibility coefficient Protein efficiency ratio Net protein utilisation (NPU)
28
What is the assessment of protein nutritional status?
Serum Albumin Concentration Normal = >3.5 g/dl Malnutirion =
29
What are nuts and seed important for?
Manganese, magnesium and vitamin E
30
What is seafood important for?
Omega-3
31
What are some proven benefits of fish?
Lowers triglyceride levels (4 g / day ↓ triglycerides by 25-40%, additive with statins) Reduces risk of death, MI, abnormal heart rhythms & strokes in people with known cardiovascular disease Prevents pathology: Slows build up of atherosclerotic plaques & lowers BP slightly
32
What is the definition of a calorie?
The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Centigrade at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (cal) Kcal: (1 kg water)
33
What are the daily recommended calorie intakes?
Average 75kg man: 2,500 Kcal/day Average 65kg woman: 2,000 Kcal/day
34
What is the calorie expenditure?
60% from resting metabolic rate 10% Thermic effect of food 30% activity thermogenisis
35
What is basal metabolic rate?
BMR is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state (digestive system is inactive, (after approx. twelve hours of fasting).
36
What percentage of daily calories burnt are from BMR?
60-75%
37
What does 3500 calories equal in pounds?
1 pound of body fat
38
What is glycaemic index?
Ranking of carbon containing foods based on overall effect on blood glucose levels
39
What is 99% of adipose fat stored as?
triglycerides
40
What is the percentage of body fat in women?
25-31%
41
What is the percentage of body fat in men?
18-24%
42
What does 1kg of adipose tissue equal in terms of energy?
7700 kcal of energy
43
What are essential fatty acids?
Those that cannot be synthesised by humans. Must be obtained through dietary sources
44
What are examples of essential fatty acids?
linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, linoleic acid
45
Give a example of a study that identified common factors that contribute to CHD?
Framingham Heart Study
46
What is cholesterol produced by?
The liver
47
What are the percentages of cholesterol supplied by the diet and manufactured by the liver?
20 % supplied by diet 80% manufactured by liver
48
What are vital functions of cholesterol?
Epidermal waterproofing Structural element of all cell membranes Production of steroid hormones & Vit D3
49
What are excess lipids broken down to?
Acetyl-CoA to synthesis cholesterol
50
What can also affect cholesterol levels?
Genes
51
What is cholesterol attached to when transported round the body?
Protein (lipoprotein)
52
What % of LDL are transported this way attached to lipoprotein?
70%
53
What % of HDL are transported this way attached to lipoprotein?
20%
54
What VLDL lipoprotein are transported this way?
Triglycerides from food transported this way
55
What do monounsaturated fats do?
Reduce LDL, heart attacks and strokes
56
What do monounsaturated fats contain?
Vitamin E
57
What is the consistency of monosaturated fats at different temperatures?
In the refrigerator, MUFAs are semi-solid or solid; at room temperature, they're liquid
58
What is the consistency of PUFA's at different temperatures?
Remain liquid at room temperature and when chilled
59
What are PUFA's?
polyunsaturated fats
60
What do PUFA's do?
Improve blood cholesterol levels & lessen the risk for type 2 diabetes
61
What are trans fats?
Artificial: formed when oil goes through a hydrogenation process making the oil more solid
62
What are trans fats in?
In frying or in processed foods
63
What do trans fats do to products?
Lengthens shelf life
64
What is cholesterol?
Waxy substance made by the liver Carried on lipoproteins HDL, LDL
65
What is the role of cholesterol?
Vital role in cell function Needed to make vitamin D, hormones & bile for digestion
66
Give example of some foods that lower cholesterol?
Soya foods, nuts, oats & barely, fruits & veg
67
What is the healthy range for cholesterol?
Total cholesterol
68
What is fibre made up of?
Waxes, lignin & polysaccharides eg: cellulose & pectin
69
What is the recommended adult intake of fibre?
18g/day
70
What conditions/disease are low fibre diets associated with?
constipation & GI disease eg: bowel cancer
71
What can high fibre diet do?
Lower cholesterol Reduce risk of diabetes Help protect against overweight
72
How much calories/day does 1lb of muscle burn?
3-7 calories/ day
73
How much calories/day does fat burn?
2-3 calories/day
74
What is a superfood?
A nutrient rich food considered to be especially beneficial for health and well-being
75
What is problems with products being labelled superfoods?
most research on superfoods tests chemicals and extracts in concentrations not found in the food in its natural state
76
What are advantages of coconut oil?
Antibacterial, antiviral, anti-parasitic Positive effects on obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance & hypertension Some research for potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease
77
What does beetroot contain?
Iron & folate, nitrates & antioxidants (betaine)
78
What is a advantage of beetroot?
Facilitates sustained exercise performance
79
What do pomegranates contain?
Fibre, vitamins, A,C,E, iron + antioxidants (tannins)
80
What do blueberries contain?
Vit C, K, antioxidants (anthocyanins)
81
What is a antioxidant?
Any molecule that can block free radicals from stealing electrons
82
What are some dietary antioxidants?
Vitamins A, E, C , carotenoids, Lipoic acid, Phenolic acids, selenium
83
What is a Mediterranean diet?
High consumption vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, wholegrains, fermented dairy products, fish & mono-saturated fat Low intake of alcohol & red meat
84
What is gluten found in?
wheat, rye & barley
85
What foods is gluten found in??
bread, pasta, cereals, cakes & biscuits
86
What is celiac disease?
Immune response damages gut lining: bloating, diarrhoea, nausea, tiredness & headaches
87
What %of population truly have gluten intolerance?
Less than 1%
88
Why would someone have a diary free diet?
Allergy: immune response to proteins (albumin, casein or whey in cows milk) Dermatological or digestive manifestations
89
What can a dairy free diet lead to?
Severe reduction in fat soluble vitamins

Endocrinology and Gastrointestinal Pharamacology (7 decks)

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