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anatomy and physiology skeletal > The Nervous System: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

The Nervous System: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

It’s the body’s control center & communication network

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2
Q

What are the two major categories of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

What does the CNS control?

A

Control center for whole body. Includes the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) made up of?

A

All the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscle, and glands.

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5
Q

What are the two categories that the PNS is divided up into?

A

The Afferent peripheral system and the Efferent peripheral system

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6
Q

What does the Afferent peripheral system include?

A

Afferent (sensory neurons) that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain Nd spinal cord

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7
Q

What does the efferent peripheral system do/consist of?

A

Consist of Efferent (motor) neurons and coveys information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

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8
Q

What are the two subdivisions that the efferent can be further divided into?

A

The Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

It conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle. Thereby causing us to respond/react to changes in our external environment.

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10
Q

What does the automotive nervous system do? (ANS)

A

It conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle tissue (digestive track), cardiac muscle tissue and endocrine glands. ANS is considered to be involuntary.

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11
Q

What are the two subdivisions of Autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

The sympathetic and parasymethic division

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12
Q

What does the sympathetic do, and what neurotransmitter does it use?

A

The Sympatheic stimulates or speeds up activity and energy expenditure in fight or flight responses.
Uses Norepinephrine

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13
Q

What does the parasympatheic divison do?

A

Stimulates/speeds up body’s vegetative activities such as digestion, urination and restores, slows down other activities.
It uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter

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14
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells

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15
Q

What do neurons do?

A

transmit nerve impulses electrochemically.

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16
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of nerve cells or fibres.

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17
Q

What is a neuroglia?

A

Cells that perform support and protection

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18
Q

Neuroglia are also called what?

A

Glial cells.

They make up over 60% of all brain cells

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19
Q

Do neuroglia cells conduct impulses?

A

NO

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20
Q

What are the different types of Neruoglia? (5)

A

Astrocytes: star shaped cells that wrap round nerve cells for supporting network in the brain and spinal cord.
Oligodendroglia: (look like small astrocytes) forming semirigid connective-like tissue rows between neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
(Also produce Myelin)
Microglia: small cells that protect the CNS and whose role is to engulf and destroy microbes like bacteria and cellar debris
Ependymal cells: line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain. Produce cerebrospinal fluid, other move the fluid with cilia through the CNS
Schwann cells from myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS

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21
Q

What is a percept?

A

The brain’s record of event. Can be conscious or unconscious

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22
Q

What are the myelin sheaths used for?

A

Protection and insulation/

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23
Q

Are Schwann cells located in both the CNS and PNS?

A

No they are only located in the PNS

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24
Q

What do the Ependymal cells line?

A

The cavities of the brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

What do Oligodendroglia do?

A

They provide support and connection

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26
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Phagocytosis of unwanted substances

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27
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

(Star shaped) function in the blood-brain barrier to prevent toxic substances from entering the brain

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28
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Dendrites are short/branched like. These are the receptive areas of the neurons and a multipolar neruron will have many dendrites.

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29
Q

What is an axon?

A

It begins at the cell body (slightly enlarged = axon hillock) branches down into axon terminals.

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30
Q

What are located in the axon?

A

Mitochondria and neurofibrils

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31
Q

What cell produces the fatty myelin sheath on peripheral axons?

A

Schwann cells

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32
Q

What is the myelin sheath composed of?

A

Lipoproteins

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33
Q

What are the narrow gaps between the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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34
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

Shape and structure

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35
Q

How would you describe a multipolar neuron?

A

Have several dendrites and one axon.

Found in brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

What is another name for a Schwann cell?

A

Neurolemmocyte

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37
Q

What does the Schwann cell/neurolemmocyte do?

A

It surrounds the axon at specific sites and forms the fatty myelin sheath around the axons in PNS

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38
Q

What is another name for a node of Ranvier?

A

nerurofibril nodes.

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the Node of Ranvier/nerurofibril node?

A

The gap allows ions to flow freely from extracelluar fluids to the axons, assisting in developing action potentials for nerve transmission.

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40
Q

What produces myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

Obligodendrocyte

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41
Q

How would you describe a bipolar neuron?

A

Have one dendrite and one axon.

Function as receptors cells in special sense organs. Found in retina of eye, inner ear, olfactory area of the nose

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42
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

Only have one process extending from the cell body. This single process then branches into a central branch that functions s an axon Nd a peripheral branch that functions as a dendrites. Most are this type

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43
Q

What is the first nerve cell receiving an impulse directly from a receptor called?

A

Sensory/afferent neuron

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44
Q

What type of neuron is found t the sensory/afferent neuron?

A

Unipolar

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45
Q

Why is a sensory/afferent neuron unipolar?

A

The receptors are in contact with only one end of the sensory neuron to ensure one-way transmission of the impulse

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46
Q

What type of neuron is a motor/efferent neuron

A

Typically multipolar. This bring about the action to the original stimulus

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47
Q

What ions are inside/outside the neruon?

A

Na ions are outside the cell and K are inside

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48
Q

What is depolarization?

A

The reversal of electrical charge from resting potential

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49
Q

How is the action potential created

A

By the depolarization of the nerve, the action potential moves in one direction down the nerve fibre

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50
Q

What is repolarization?

A

K ions move out side to restore the resting membrane potential. The Na-K pumps begins to function and pumps the K in and Na outside restoring the original charge

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51
Q

What is Synapses?

A

Areas where the terminal branches of an axon (axon terminals) are anchored close to the end of the dendrite of another neuron

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52
Q

what is the area between the axon terminals and dendrites called?

A

Synaptic cleft

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53
Q

What eats up acetylcholine in the synapse?

A

Acetylcholinesterase. It functions immediately to break down acteylcholine after it performs its function.

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54
Q

What neurotransmitter are found in the nervous system?

A

ANS: adrenaline (epinephrine)

Acetylincholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, endorphins

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55
Q

What is the reflex?

A

A reflex is an involuntary reaction to a stimulus applied to our periphery and transmitted to the CNS

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56
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

1) sensory receptor in skin
2) sensory/afferent neuron
3) associated internuncial neruon within the spinal cord
4) a motor or efferent neuron
5) an effector organ (muscles)

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57
Q

What are examples of reflexes?

A

Heartbeat rate, digestion, breathing,coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting

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58
Q

What is white matter?

A

Group of myelinated axons = nerver tracts in the CNS

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59
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Nerve bodies and dendrites , unmyelinated axons and their neuroglia.
Found on the surface of the brain called the cortex

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60
Q

What is a tract?

A

A bundle of fibres inside the CNS.

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61
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A mass of nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the CNS

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62
Q

What are horns?

A

Ares of grey matter in the spinal cord

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63
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Detect environmental stilumli

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64
Q

What is a sensory?

A

Recieves impulses from receptors site

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65
Q

What is internuncical?

A

Transmit impulse for interpretation and processing

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66
Q

Motor?

A

Rxn to the stimulus

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67
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A

Opens up Na channels

68
Q

What is Serotonin responsible for?

A

Happyness and well-being

69
Q

What do Endorphins do?

A

Exercise= natural pain killer, makes you feel good

70
Q

What does Glutamine do?

A

its excitatory, amino acid, increases electrical activity

71
Q

What does GABA do

A

It’s an inhibitory, makes it less negative. Inhibits transmission of an impulse.
Used to treat epilepsy and hypertension.
Slows things down

72
Q

What group of neurotransmitters is made of up the amino acids Tyrosine. What do they do?

A

Catecholamines . They are created during physical/emotional stress. Found in the SNS system

73
Q

Nitric oxide does what?

A

Dilates blood vessels, raising blood supply and lowering blood pressure. It inhibits vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth

74
Q

What is a nerve:

A

Bundle of fibers outside the CNS

75
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

Nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

76
Q

What is a tract:

A

Bundle of fibres inside the CNS

77
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

nerve cell bodies and dendrites inside the CNS

78
Q

What are horns?

A

Areas of gray matter in spinal cord

79
Q

What is a continuation of the medulla oblongata of the brain stem?

A

The spinal cord

80
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

Bone (vertebrae) and disk of fibrocartilage (the intervertebral disk)

81
Q

How many segments does the spinal cord have

A

31

82
Q

What are the three layers of the Mengies (a serious of connective tissue membrane):

A

1) Dura mater: outter most, means tough, forms outer tube of white fibrous connective tissue
2) Arachnoid mater: middle spinal meninx (spider layer), delicate connective membranous tube inside the dura
3) Pia mater: innermost layer, delicate mother, transparent fibrous membrane forms. Tube around and adhere’s to the surface of the spinal cord and brain. The pia mater contains blood vessels and nerves that nourish the underlying cells

83
Q

What is in between the Dura mater and the arachnoid?

A

It’s a space called Subdural containing serous fluid.

84
Q

What is between the arachnoid and pia mater?

A

It’s the subarachnoid space. Clear, watery cerebrospinal fluid circulates

85
Q

Do the meninges directly attach to the vertebrae?

A

No, they are separated by a space called the epidural space.

86
Q

What does the epidural space contain?

A

Contains loose connective tissue and some adipose tissue that acts as a protective cushion around the spinal cord.

87
Q

What does an epidermal do?

A

Regional pain relief. Blocks nerve impulses from the lower half of the body

88
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Convey sensory impulses to the brain,

Integrates reflexes, spinal nerves connect at roots (dorsal, ventral)

89
Q

What does dorsal root do in the spinal cord?

A

Sensory

90
Q

What does ventral root do?

A

Motor

91
Q

What do ascending nerve tracts do?

A

From body part to brain (sensory)

92
Q

What do descending tracts do?

A

Conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles glands.

93
Q

What do posterior/dorsal roots do?

A

They conduct the sensory root and only contains sensory nerve fibres.

94
Q

What do posterior/dorsal roots extend to?

A

Into the posterior or dorsal gray horn of the spinal corn.

95
Q

What do the Anterior/ventral root do?

A

It’s a point of attachment to the spinal nerve. Contains motor roots/fibres and only conducts impulses from the spinal cord to the periphery. It contains anterior or ventral gray horns of the spinal cord.

96
Q

What do the 31 spinal nerves arise from

A

The union of dorsal and ventral roots

97
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of nerve cells

98
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of fibres outside the CNS

99
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS

100
Q

How my pairs cervical nerves are there?

A

8 (C1-C8)

101
Q

how many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?

A

12 (T1-T12)

102
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?

A

5 (1-L5)

103
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?

A

5 (S1-S5)

104
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1 (Cx)

105
Q

The nervous system shares in the maintenance of homeostasis with which system?

A

Endocrine

106
Q

The system that conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles is the?

A

Somatic

107
Q

The ‘glue’ cells that perform the function of support and protect are:

A

Neuroglia

108
Q

Oligodendroglia are found in

A

Brain and spinal cord

109
Q

Phagocytosis is performed by:

A

Microglia

110
Q

The cells that make up myelin sheaths are

A

Schwann cells

111
Q

The cells that line the cavities in the brain and spinal cord are

A

Ependymal cells

112
Q

Nissl bodies are attached to

A

The ER. Nissl bodies are also called chromtophilic substance. Nd are where protein synthesis occurs in nerurons

113
Q

Neurommocytes are also known as

A

Schwann cells

114
Q

A neuron with one axon and one dendrite is known as

A

Bipolar: special sense organs such as the retina of eye have these

115
Q

Receptors are

A

Afferent neurons

116
Q

Rxn neurons are

A

Efferent neurons

117
Q

The sodium pump is used to maintain the

A

Membrane = resting potential

118
Q

The smallest simplest pathway to receive and process a stimulus is the

A

Reflex

119
Q

Some of the most commonly abused drugs are:

A

Steroids,
Depressants,
Stimulants,
Hallucinogens

120
Q

Ganglia are found

A

Out side the brain and spinal cord

121
Q

Gray matter is found in the

A

Cortex->consists of dendrites and cell bodies and bundles of unmyelinated axons and their neuroglia

122
Q

The tough mother is the

A

Dura mother

123
Q

The layer of the meninges containing numerous blood vessels and nerves is the

A

Pia layer

124
Q

The spider layer is the

A

Arachnoid layer

125
Q

Serous fluid is found in the

A

Subdural. In between the dura and the arachnoid mengies

126
Q

Spinal taps are done in which region of the spine?

A

The lumbar

127
Q

Meninges are separated from the vertebrae by the

A

Epidural space. This contains loose connective tissue and some adipose tissues that acts s a protective cushion around the spinal cord

128
Q

The functions of the spinal cord include:

A

Reflex & conveyance (of impulse)

129
Q

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is

A

Acetylcholinesterase

130
Q

Heart rate, digestion, breathing rates are controlled and maintained by reflexes concerned with _________ processes

A

Involuntary

131
Q

How many of spinal nerves are there

A

31

132
Q

The disease that produces convulsive seizure is?

A

Epilepsy

133
Q

The disease that produces infection in the middle ear is?

A

Otitis media

134
Q

The disease that produces defective muscular coordination

A

Cerebral palsy

135
Q

Farsightedness is?

A

Hyperopia

136
Q

An accommodation disease of aging is?

A

Presbyopia

137
Q

A disease that causes destruction of the retina is?

A

Glaucoma

138
Q

Nearsightedness is?

A

Myopia

139
Q

The part of the ear allowing for pressure equlization is the

A

Eustachian tube

140
Q

The part of the ear allowing for balance is the

A

Vestibule & semicircular canals

141
Q

The part of the ear citing like a drum head is the

A

Tympanic membrane

142
Q

Night blindness can be caused by deficiency of

A

Vitamin A

143
Q

The ability to see colour is due to

A

Cones

144
Q

The white, outermost layer of the eye is the

A

Sclera

145
Q

The cells of the retina that synapse with ganglia cells are

A

Bipolar

146
Q

Glaucoma is caused by a defect of the

A

Aqueous humour

147
Q

Glaucoma is caused by a defect of the

A

Aqueous humour

148
Q

Rhodopsin is found in the

A

Rods

149
Q

The actual taste function is found on the

A

Taste hairs

150
Q

The actual taste function is found on the

A

Taste hair

151
Q

Chemoreceptors are used in the sense of

A

Smell

152
Q

The cardinal nerves number

A

12

153
Q

The neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic system is

A

Acetylcholine

154
Q

List the functions of the cerebellum

A
  • reflex
  • posture
  • coordination
  • balance
155
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum evaluates hearing input

A

The temporal lobe

156
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum is involved with visual input?

A

Occipital

157
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum is involved in evaluating sensory information?

A

Parietal

158
Q

Which lobe of the cerebrum controls mood, aggression and motivation?

A

Frontal

159
Q

Each hemisphere has folds called

A

Gyri

160
Q

The mind controlling the body phenomenon is located in the

A

Hypothalamus

161
Q

The ventral cerebral peduncles are continued in the

A

Midbrain

162
Q

The foramen of Monroe connects

A

Ventricles

163
Q

What is the outermost layer of the cranial meninges?

A

Dura mater-tough mother

164
Q

The part of the epithalamus that secrets melantonin is the

A

Pineal gland

165
Q

The coloured part of the eye that consists of smooth muscle surround the pupil is the

A

Iris

anatomy and physiology skeletal (9 decks)

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