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anatomy and physiology skeletal > respiratory system part 3 > Flashcards

respiratory system part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

TV

A

tidal volume

normal breathing at rest

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2
Q

IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume

how much more you can breath in after normal inhale

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3
Q

ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume

how much more can breathe out after normal exhale

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4
Q

RV

A

residual volume

always some left

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5
Q

IC

A

inspiratory capacity

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6
Q

FRC

A

functional residual capacity

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7
Q

VC

A

vital capacity

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8
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity

6000ML

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9
Q

IC formula

A

TV+ IRV

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10
Q

FRC formula

A

ERV + RV

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11
Q

VC formula

A

TV+IRV+ERV

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12
Q

TLC formula

A

TV+IRV+ERV+RV

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13
Q

dead space

A

inspired air that never contributes to gas exchange

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14
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

volume of the conducting zone conduits (~150 ml

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15
Q

Alveolar dead space

A

alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

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16
Q

Spirometer

A

instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities

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17
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disease

A

increased airway resistance (e.g., bronchitis)
harder to get air out
inflammation, mucus COPD emphysema

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18
Q

Restrictive disorders

A

reduction in total lung capacity due to structural or functional lung changes (e.g., fibrosis or TB)
difficulty getting air in, expanding lungs. lung tissue not as complient

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19
Q

Minute ventilation

A

total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute

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20
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC):

A

gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath

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21
Q

Forced expiratory volume (FEV):

A

the amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC

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22
Q

what increases as a result of obstructive disease

A

Increases in TLC, FRC, and RV may occur as a result of obstructive disease

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23
Q

what reduces as a result of restrictive disease

A

Reduction in VC, TLC, FRC, and RV result from restrictive disease

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24
Q

what happens to alveoli in obstructive disorder

A

keep expanding until burst

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25
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas
The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture

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26
Q

percentage of nitrogen in atmopshere with partial pressure

A

78.6%

597 mm Hg

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27
Q

percentage of oxygen in atmopshere with partial pressure

A

20.9%

159 mmHg

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28
Q

Henry’s Law

A

prescence of gas in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure
at equilibrium the partial pressures will be even
amount of gas dissolved also depends on solubility

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29
Q

solubility of CO2

A

CO2 is 20 times more soluble in

water than O2

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30
Q

solubility of nitrogen

A

very little nitrogen dissolves in water at surface pressure, which is why more O2 in us even though nitrogen has higher partial pressure

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31
Q

the bends

A

dive deep nitrogen absorbed due to increase in pressure, come up too fast and nitrogen rapidly escapes as bubbles

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32
Q

hyperbonic chamberq

A

high pressure chamber, slowly changes pressure

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33
Q

Alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapor than atmospheric air, due to

A

Gas exchanges in the lungs

Humidification of air in nasal cavity

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34
Q

why 1% o2 drop in trachea

A

due to diffusion in trachea tissue

35
Q

why 7% o2 drop when reach alveoli

A

because diffuses into blood stream

36
Q

External Respiration

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane

37
Q

external respiration influenced by

A

Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Structural characteristics of the respiratory membrane

38
Q

how do you get a faster diffusion rate

A

bigger pressure difference, higher solubility

39
Q

CO2 concentration in deoxygenated blood vs CO2 concentration in alveolus

A

46mmhg in bloo, 40mmhg in alveolus so diffuse into alveolus

40
Q

O2 concentration in deoxygenated blood vs O2 concentration in alveolus

A

100mmhg in aleolus and 40 mmhg in blood so diffuse rapidly into blood

41
Q

O2 concentration in oxygenated blood vs O2 concentration in cell

A

100mmhg in blood and 5mmhg in cell so diffuse into cell and then into mito

42
Q

CO2 concentration in oxygenated blood vs CO2 concentration in cell

A

40mmhg in blood and more than 40mmhg in cell so diffuse into blood`

43
Q

Venous blood Po2 =

44
Q

Alveolar Po2 =

A

= 104 mm Hg

45
Q

O2 partial pressures reach equilibrium of — in how much time

A

of 104 mm Hg in ~0.25 seconds, (due to big difference between pressures) about 1/3 the time a red blood cell is in a pulmonary capillary

46
Q

Venous blood Pco2 =-

47
Q

Alveolar Pco2 =

48
Q

given the partial pressure differences in blood and alveoli of o2 and co2, how does CO2 diffuses in equal amounts with oxygen

A

CO2 is 20 times more soluble in plasma than oxygen

49
Q

Ventilation

A

flow of gas reaching the alveoli (AVR

50
Q

Perfusion

A

blood flow reaching the alveoli

51
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

A

Ventilation and perfusion must be matched (coupled) for efficient gas exchange

52
Q

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling Changes that occur to match physiological needs

A

Where alveolar CO2 is high, bronchioles dilate (increase ventilation)
Where alveolar CO2 is low, bronchioles constrict (decrease ventilation)

53
Q

Internal Respiration partial pressures vs external respiration partial pressures

A

Partial pressures and diffusion gradients are reversed compared to external respiration
Po2 in tissue is always lower than in systemic arterial blood
Pco2 is 5 mm Hg higher in tissues

54
Q

O2% dissolved in plasma

55
Q

O2% on hemoglobin

A

98.5% loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs

56
Q

CO2% in plasma

A

7 to 10% dissolved in plasma

57
Q

CO2% in hemoglobin

A

20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin

58
Q

CO2% in bicarbonate

A

70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) in plasma

59
Q

Rate of loading and unloading of O2 in hemoglobin is regulated by

A

PO2
temperature
Ph
PCO2

60
Q

which three of the factors affecting rate of unloading o2 influence 3D shape of hemoglobin

A

Temperature
Blood pH
Pco2

61
Q

how much O2 is unloaded during one systemic circulation

A

20–25% of bound O2

62
Q

If O2 levels in tissues drop

A

More oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin and is used by cells
Respiratory rate or cardiac output need not increase instantly

63
Q

Haldane Effect

A

The amount of CO2 transported is affected by the Po2

The less O2 hemoglobin saturation, the more CO2 can be carried in the blood (because co2 with water makes acid)

64
Q

how can Changes in respiratory rate alter blood pH

A

slow shallow breathing allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood, causing pH to drop
Changes in ventilation can be used to adjust pH when it is disturbed by metabolic factors

65
Q

brain parts that control respiration

A

neurons in the medulla and pons

66
Q

Genesis of respiratory system

A

Ventral respiration group controls normal breathing (eupnea)
Dorsal respiration group responds to changes in stretch of lungs and Po2 in blood
Signal sent down the phrenic (diaphragm) and intercostal nerves

67
Q

How does Co2 affect breathing rate

A

Increase CO2 in blood changes PH, and the medulla in brain signals increase breathing rate

68
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increased rate of breathing that exceeds body’s need to remove CO2, too much CO2 released

69
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Increased Co2 levels

70
Q

Decrease in CO2 causes

A

Blood vessels to restrict

71
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Low levels of CO2

72
Q

Apnea

A

Where breathing stops that can happen when PCO2 is too low

73
Q

Three neural factors that cause increase in ventilation as exercise begins

A

Psychological stimuli (anticipation of exercise)
Simultaneous cortical motor activation of skeletal muscles and respiratory centers
Excitatory impulses reaching respiratory centers

74
Q

Fast travel to altitudes above 8000 feet may produce symptoms of

A

Acute mountain sickness (AMS)

Headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness

75
Q

Acclimation

A

Respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments to altitude

Minute ventilation increases and stabilized in a few days to 2-3L/min higher than at sea level

76
Q

EPO production

A

Decline of O2 in blood stimulates the kidneys to accelerate production of EPO

77
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Irreversible
Dyspnea

78
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal breathing

79
Q

Apnea

A

Stopping in breathing some point in time

No rhythm

80
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

81
Q

Asthma

A

Coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness

Active inflammation with bronchospasms

82
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Infectious disease caused by bacterium
Fever, night sweats, weight loss, cough, and spitting up blood
12 month course of antibiotics

83
Q

Lung cancer

A

Leading cause of cancer deaths in North America

90% of all cases are result of smoking

84
Q

How to inflate balloon with muscles and mechanics

A

Increase volume in lungs by diaphragm pushing down, causing decrease in pressure and we inhale
Air forced out by abdominal muscles pushing diaphragm up further using internal costars

anatomy and physiology skeletal (9 decks)

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