respiratory system part 1 Flashcards
respiratory system parts
Pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
circulatory system parts
transport
internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
movement of air into and out of the lungs
external respiration
O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
internal respiration
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
major organs involved in respiration
nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi and their branches Lungs and alveoli
respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
conductig zone
conduits to gas exchange sites
respiratory muscles
diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation
nose two regions
external nose and nasal cavity
External nose parts
root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
philtrum and nostrils
Philtrum
a shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex
nasal cavity parts
in and posterior to the external nose
Divided by a midline nasal septum
Posterior nasal apertures (choanae) open into the nasal pharynx
floor and roof
nasal floor and roof
Roof: ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Floor: hard and soft palates
Vestibule
nasal cavity superior to the nostrils
Vibrissae filter coarse particles from inspired air
Olfactory mucosa
Lines the superior nasal cavity
Contains smell receptors
Respiratory mucosa cells
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Respiratory mucosa
parts and functiona
Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme and defensins
Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat
Inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
Sensory nerve endings triggers sneezing
parts of pharynx top to bottom
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
functions
Protrude from the lateral walls
Increase mucosal area
Enhance air turbulence
During inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa
Filter, heat, and moisten air
During exhalation the conchae and nasal mucosa
reclaim heat and moisture
Pharynx location
Muscular tube that connects to the
Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly
Larynx and esophagus inferiorly
From the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra
Larynx location
Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx
Continuous with the trachea
larynx functions
Provides a patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
Voice production
Cartilages of the larynx
Hyaline cartilage except for the epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Ring-shaped cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
elastic cartilage; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
cricotomy
puncture hole between adams apple and cricoid cartilage in order to allow breathing when air way blocked
Vocal ligaments of larynx
Contain elastic fibers
Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)
Opening between them is the glottis
Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) of larynx
Superior to the vocal folds
No part in sound production
Help to close the glottis during swallowing
Speech
release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis
Pitch is determined by
length and tension of the vocal cords
Loudness depends upon
force of air
what enhances sound quality
Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities
Sound is “shaped” into language by
muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
Valsalva’s maneuver
Glottis closes to prevent exhalation
Abdominal muscles contract
Intra-abdominal pressure rises
Helps to empty the rectum or stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting
trachea
wind pipe
trachea wall compose of three layers
mucosa
submucosa
adventitia
mucosa
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
submucosa
connective tissue with seromucous glands
Adventitia
outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
bronchi and subdivisions
Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching
Branching pattern called the bronchial (respiratory) tree
Conducting Zone Structures
trachea branches unto right and left main primary
each main bronchi branches into lobar (secundary branches)
Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
which divide repeatedly
compare right and left main bronchi
Right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left
Each lobar bronchus supplies
one lobe
Bronchioles diameter
less than 1 mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles diameter
are the smallest, less than 0.5 mm diameter
left lung lobe divided into
two parts, superior lobe and inferior lobe seperated by oblique fissure
right lung divided into
superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe separated by oblique and horizontal fissure
changes that occur from bronchi through bronchioles
Cartilage rings give way to plates; cartilage is absent from bronchioles
Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal; cilia and goblet cells become sparse
Relative amount of smooth muscle increases
main site for gas exchange
alvioli
Respiratory Membrane
~0.5-m-thick air-blood barrier
Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
Alveolar walls
cells
Single layer of squamous epithelium (type I cells)
cuboidal cells
secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
alveoli
Surrounded by fine elastic fibers
Contain open pores for pressure to equalize
House alveolar macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile
two forces against inflation of alvioli
elasticity (make ballon push out air)
surface tension of water ( water stays together, 15x harder to breathe w/o surfactant
lungs
Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum
root
site of vascular and bronchial attachments
costal surface
anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
apex
superior tip
base
inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
hilum
on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Cardiac notch of left lung
contains heart
smallest subdivision of lung
lobules
pulmonary circulation
handles blood supply,
Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart
Bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue
Pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to the heart
Pleurae
Thin, double-layered serosa
Parietal pleura
on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm
Visceral pleura
on external lung surface
pleural fluid
Pleural fluid fills the slitlike pleural cavity
Provides lubrication and surface tension
