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anatomy and physiology skeletal > movements and joints > Flashcards

movements and joints Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation

A

—site where two or more bones meet

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2
Q

functions of joints

A

Give skeleton mobility

Hold skeleton together

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3
Q

joints classified by

A

structure and function

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4
Q

Three functional classifications

A

Synarthroses—
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses—

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5
Q

Synarthroses—

A

immovable

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6
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable

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7
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely moveable

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8
Q

Three structural classifications:

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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9
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Most are synarthrotic (immovable)
Three types:

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10
Q

three types fibrous joints

A

Sutures (head)
Syndesmoses /(arm)
Gomphoses (teeth sockets)

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11
Q

sutures

A

Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue fibers
Allow for growth during youth
In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synostoses

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12
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue)

Movement varies from immovable to slightly movable

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13
Q

Syndesmoses example

A

tibia, fibula, radius, ulna

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14
Q

Gomphoses

A

Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets

Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

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15
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Bones united by cartilage
No joint cavity
Two types:

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16
Q

Cartilaginous Joints two types

A

Synchondroses

symphses

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17
Q

Synchondroses

A

A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

All are synarthrotic

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18
Q

symphses

A

Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
Strong, flexible amphiarthroses

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19
Q

Synovial Joints

A

All are diarthrotic

Include all limb joints; most joints of the body

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20
Q

Synovial Joints distinguishing features

A

Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
Joint (synovial) cavity: small potential space
Articular (joint) capsule:
Synovial fluid
Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments
Rich nerve and blood vessel supply

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21
Q

Articular (joint) capsule

A

Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue; Inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue

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22
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Viscous slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
Weeping lubrication
Contains phagocytic cells

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23
Q

Synovial Joints Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments

A

Capsular (intrinsic)—part of the fibrous capsule
Extracapsular—outside the capsule
Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

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24
Q

Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures

A

Bursae

Tendon sheath

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25
Q

Bursae

A

Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
Contain synovial fluid
Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

26
Q

Tendon sheath

A

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

27
Q

What Stabilizes Synovial Joints

A

Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)
Ligament number and location (limited role)
Muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut (important for shoulder and knee)

28
Q

Origin

A

attachment to the immovable bone

29
Q

insertion

A

attachment to the movable bone

30
Q

Synovial Joints: Movement

A

Muscle attachments across a joint
Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin
Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes

31
Q

Synovial Joints nonaxial

A

slipping movements only

carpals

32
Q

Synovial Joints uniaxial

A

movement in one plane

elbows

33
Q

Synovial Joints biaxial

A

movement in two planes

pointer finger

34
Q

Synovial Joints multiaxial

A

movement in or around all three planes

shoulder or hip

35
Q

Movements at Synovial Joints

A

gliding
angular movements
rotation

36
Q

gliding

A

One flat bone surface glides or
slips over another similar
surface (carpals, tarsals, vertebrae)

37
Q

Angular movements:

A

Angular movements:
Flexion, extension, hyperextension
Abduction, adduction
Circumduction

38
Q

rotation

A

medial, lateral rotation

39
Q

Movements that occur along the sagittal plane

A

flexion
extension
hyperextension

40
Q

flexion

A

decreases the angle of the joint

to bend

41
Q

extension

A

to straighten

increases the angle of the joint

42
Q

Hyperextension

A

excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

past anatomical position

43
Q

Movements that occur along the frontal plane

A

abduction
adduction
circumduction

44
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline, lifting arm from side

45
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline

bringing arm down toward side

46
Q

circumduction

A

circle arm motion

47
Q

rotation

A

The turning of a bone around its own long axis

ex rotating humerus

48
Q

Movements of radius around ulna:

A

supination (palm up)

pronation (palm down)

49
Q

Movements of the foot

dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion

A 
Dorsiflexion (upward movement) 
Plantar flexion (downward movement)
50
Q

Movements of the foot

inversion vs eversion

A

Inversion (turn sole medially)

Eversion (turn sole laterally)

51
Q

movements in transverse plane protraction vs retraction

A

protraction (anterior movement) (push jaw out)

Retraction (posterior movement) (push jaw in)

52
Q

elevation

A

lifting a body part superiorly

53
Q

depression

A

moving a body part inferiorly

54
Q

Opposition of the thumb

A

pinching movement

55
Q

Classification of Synovial Joints based on shape of articular surfaces:

A 
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and socket
56
Q

Plane Joints

A

Nonaxial joints
Flat articular surfaces
Short gliding movements
carpals

57
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Uniaxial joints
Motion along a single plane
Flexion and extension only
elbow

58
Q

Pivot Joints

A

Rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone
Uniaxial movement only
radius

59
Q

Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints

A

Biaxial joints
Both articular surfaces are oval
Permit all angular movements
phalanges

60
Q

Saddle Joints

A

Biaxial
Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints
Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas
thumb

61
Q

Ball-and-Socket Joints

A

Multiaxial joints
The most freely moving synovial joints
shoulder

anatomy and physiology skeletal (9 decks)

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