movements and joints

Question 1

Articulation

Answer 1

—site where two or more bones meet

Question 2

functions of joints

Answer 2

Give skeleton mobility

Hold skeleton together

Question 3

joints classified by

Answer 3

structure and function

Question 4

Three functional classifications

Answer 4

Synarthroses—
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses—

Question 5

Synarthroses—

Answer 5

immovable

Question 6

Amphiarthroses

Answer 6

slightly moveable

Question 7

Diarthroses

Answer 7

freely moveable

Question 8

Three structural classifications:

Answer 8

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 9

Fibrous Joints

Answer 9

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Most are synarthrotic (immovable)
Three types:

Question 10

three types fibrous joints

Answer 10

Sutures (head)
Syndesmoses /(arm)
Gomphoses (teeth sockets)

Question 11

sutures

Answer 11

Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue fibers
Allow for growth during youth
In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synostoses

Question 12

Syndesmoses

Answer 12

Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue)

Movement varies from immovable to slightly movable

Question 13

Syndesmoses example

Answer 13

tibia, fibula, radius, ulna

Question 14

Gomphoses

Answer 14

Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets

Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

Question 15

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 15

Bones united by cartilage
No joint cavity
Two types:

Question 16

Cartilaginous Joints two types

Answer 16

Synchondroses

symphses

Question 17

Synchondroses

Answer 17

A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

All are synarthrotic

Question 18

symphses

Answer 18

Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
Strong, flexible amphiarthroses

Question 19

Synovial Joints

Answer 19

All are diarthrotic

Include all limb joints; most joints of the body

Question 20

Synovial Joints distinguishing features

Answer 20

Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
Joint (synovial) cavity: small potential space
Articular (joint) capsule:
Synovial fluid
Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments
Rich nerve and blood vessel supply

Question 21

Articular (joint) capsule

Answer 21

Outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue; Inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue

Question 22

Synovial fluid

Answer 22

Viscous slippery filtrate of plasma + hyaluronic acid
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
Weeping lubrication
Contains phagocytic cells

Question 23

Synovial Joints Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments

Answer 23

Capsular (intrinsic)—part of the fibrous capsule
Extracapsular—outside the capsule
Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

Question 24

Synovial Joints: Friction-Reducing Structures

Answer 24

Bursae

Tendon sheath

Question 25

Bursae

Answer 25

Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes Contain synovial fluid Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

Question 26

Tendon sheath

Answer 26

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

Question 27

What Stabilizes Synovial Joints

Answer 27

Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role) Ligament number and location (limited role) Muscle tone, which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut (important for shoulder and knee)

Question 28

Origin

Answer 28

attachment to the immovable bone

Question 29

insertion

Answer 29

attachment to the movable bone

Question 30

Synovial Joints: Movement

Answer 30

Muscle attachments across a joint Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin Movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes

Question 31

Synovial Joints nonaxial

Answer 31

slipping movements only | carpals

Question 32

Synovial Joints uniaxial

Answer 32

movement in one plane | elbows

Question 33

Synovial Joints biaxial

Answer 33

movement in two planes | pointer finger

Question 34

Synovial Joints multiaxial

Answer 34

movement in or around all three planes | shoulder or hip

Question 35

Movements at Synovial Joints

Answer 35

gliding angular movements rotation

Question 36

gliding

Answer 36

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface (carpals, tarsals, vertebrae)

Question 37

Angular movements:

Answer 37

Angular movements: Flexion, extension, hyperextension Abduction, adduction Circumduction

Question 38

rotation

Answer 38

medial, lateral rotation

Question 39

Movements that occur along the sagittal plane

Answer 39

flexion extension hyperextension

Question 40

flexion

Answer 40

decreases the angle of the joint | to bend

Question 41

extension

Answer 41

to straighten | increases the angle of the joint

Question 42

Hyperextension

Answer 42

excessive extension beyond normal range of motion | past anatomical position

Question 43

Movements that occur along the frontal plane

Answer 43

abduction adduction circumduction

Question 44

abduction

Answer 44

movement away from the midline, lifting arm from side

Question 45

adduction

Answer 45

movement toward the midline | bringing arm down toward side

Question 46

circumduction

Answer 46

circle arm motion

Question 47

rotation

Answer 47

The turning of a bone around its own long axis | ex rotating humerus

Question 48

Movements of radius around ulna:

Answer 48

supination (palm up) | pronation (palm down)

Question 49

Movements of the foot | dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion

Answer 49

``` Dorsiflexion (upward movement) Plantar flexion (downward movement) ```

Question 50

Movements of the foot | inversion vs eversion

Answer 50

Inversion (turn sole medially) | Eversion (turn sole laterally)

Question 51

movements in transverse plane protraction vs retraction

Answer 51

protraction (anterior movement) (push jaw out) | Retraction (posterior movement) (push jaw in)

Question 52

elevation

Answer 52

lifting a body part superiorly

Question 53

depression

Answer 53

moving a body part inferiorly

Question 54

Opposition of the thumb

Answer 54

pinching movement

Question 55

Classification of Synovial Joints based on shape of articular surfaces:

Answer 55

``` Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball and socket ```

Question 56

Plane Joints

Answer 56

Nonaxial joints Flat articular surfaces Short gliding movements carpals

Question 57

Hinge Joints

Answer 57

Uniaxial joints Motion along a single plane Flexion and extension only elbow

Question 58

Pivot Joints

Answer 58

Rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone Uniaxial movement only radius

Question 59

Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints

Answer 59

Biaxial joints Both articular surfaces are oval Permit all angular movements phalanges

Question 60

Saddle Joints

Answer 60

Biaxial Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas thumb

Question 61

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Answer 61

Multiaxial joints The most freely moving synovial joints shoulder