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exam notes beep > the nervous system (so excited!!!!) > Flashcards

the nervous system (so excited!!!!) Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

gather info and convert it into nerve impulses

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2
Q

Integrative function

A

sensory impulses brought together , create sensation, add to memory and produce thought

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3
Q

motor functions

A

conscious or subconscious decisions

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4
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

made up of the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

made up of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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6
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that communicate via electrical impulses with other neuron’s

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7
Q

Cell body

A

-contains mitochondria
-large nucleus

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

-conduct impulses toward the cell body
-provide receptive surface for communication with other neuron’s

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9
Q

Axon

A

-Conducts impulses away from the cell body

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10
Q

Myelin Sheaths

A

-Larger axons are enclosed by this
-Increases conductions speed of nerve impulses

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11
Q

Narrow gaps in the myelin sheath are called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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12
Q

White matter

A

regions containing many myelinated axons appear white

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13
Q

Grey matter

A

regions containing neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons compromise this

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14
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

-many different dendrites and one axon arising from their cell bodies
-most neutrons with cell bodies in CNS are multipolar

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15
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

-2 processes extending from the cell body, a dendrite and and axon
-found in the eyes nose and ears

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16
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

-1 process extending from the cell body to outside cell body.
-then it splits into 2 pats that functions as 1 axon

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17
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

-conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS
-unipolar/bipolar

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18
Q

Interneurons

A

-Multipolar neurons lying within the CNS that forms links between other neurons

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19
Q

Motor(efferent)neurons

A

-multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors

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20
Q

Neuroglia

A

-cells that support neurons
-fill spaces, protect and insulate neurons
-4 types in CNS, 2 types in PNS
-they can divide while neurons can’t

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21
Q

Microglia

A

-small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris, produce scar tissue

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22
Q

Oligodentrocytes

A

-form myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord

23
Q

ependymal cells

A

-produce cerebrospinal fluid in CNS

24
Q

Astrocytes

A

-lie between blood vessels and neurons
-regulates nutrients and ion concentrations
-formation of blood-brain barrier

25
Q

Damaged PNS neurons can regenerate their axons because

A

the neurilemma of their Schwann cells helps guide the growing axon to its original connection point

26
Q

CNS axons are myelinated by oligodendrocytes so..

A

they usually do not regenerate

27
Q

Cell membranes of neurons are usually POLARIZED, meaning..

A

-that the charge inside the membrane is different from the charge outside the membrane
-inside of cell is more negative than outside

28
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-the charge in a cell when it is at rest(about -70 mV in neurons

29
Q

Charge inside a neutron result from?

A

Unequal distribution of ions inside and outside of cells

30
Q

greater concentration of sodium ions..

A

outside the cell

31
Q

greater concentration of potassium ions…

A

inside the cell

32
Q

Negatively charge ions and proteins are…

A

found inside the cells

33
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

-functions to pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions in the cell
-ATP is used to power the pump

34
Q

Action potential

A

electrical sequence of events that allows a neutron to communicate with other cells

35
Q

When Na+ions flow into cells through a chemically gated Na+ channel it causes the ..

A

neuron to be less negative

36
Q

Threshold stimulus

A

-Strong enough to cause Na+ ions to enter neuron, that potential changes from -70 to -55 mv

37
Q

Depolarization :

A

-upon reaching threshold potential, voltage gated Na+ channels open, changing the charge of the cell to +3- mV. this is called action potential, cell becomes positive

38
Q

Repolarization

A

-Potassium channels open to allow potassium ions to leave.
-membrane undergoes repolarization, and resting potential of -70 mV is re established(cell becomes negative)

39
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

-At the end of depolarization, a slight overshoot occurs, in which potential dips below -70 mV

40
Q

back to resting potential

A

-Na+/K+ pump moves Na+ ions back out of cell and K+ back into cell
-cell membrane returns to its resting potential (-70 mV)

41
Q

Impulse conductions

A
  1. Membrane maintain resting potential
    2.Threshold stimulus is received
    3.sodium channels open
    4.sodium ions diffuse inward
    5.potassiumm channels open
    6.potassium ions diffuse outward
    7.resulting action potential causes a local electric current
    8.series of action potentials occurs along the axon
42
Q

All or none response

A

-If nerve fibre responds at all to stimulus of threshold or above, it responds completely by conducting an impulse

43
Q

refractory period

A

-short period of time during and after an action potential, when a threshold stimulus will not trigger another action potential

44
Q

continuous conduction

A

-occurs in unmyelinated axons
-conducts impulses over the entire length of their membrane

45
Q

saltatory conduction

A

-occurs in myelinated axons
-impulses jump from one node of ranvier to the next

46
Q

speed of impulse conduction

A

-thick myelinated motor axons conduct at 120 m/s
-thin unmyelinated sensory axons conduct at 0.5m/s

47
Q

a synapse

A

-junctions between 2 communicating neutrons

48
Q

presypnatic neuron

A

-the neuron that’s sending the impulses

49
Q

posthypnotic neuron

A

-the neuron receiving the impulse

50
Q

Nuerotransmitter

A

-a chemical that aids in communication and is stored and released from an expansion called the hypnotic knob

51
Q

Events leading to the release of a neurotransmitter

A

1.Action potential passes along axon over synoptic knob
2.Synoptic knob membrane becomes more permeable to calcium ions
3.Because of the calcium ions, synaptic vesicles fuse to membrane
4.Synaptic vesicles release their neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

52
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

-Increase entry of Na+ ions into postsynaptic neuron
-Bring membrane closer to threshold, making action potential more likely

53
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

-Increase flow of Cl- ions into neuron
-makes charge inside the neuron more negative, making action potential less likely

54
Q

Neuron–>Neurotransmitter–>Post sypnatic cell…

A

Glandular cells–>bloodstream–>target cells

exam notes beep (5 decks)

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