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Pathophysiology: Test 4 > The Nervous System: Intro > Flashcards

The Nervous System: Intro Flashcards

0
Q

White Matter

A
  1. Neurons myelinated axon pathway
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1
Q

Gray Matter

A
  1. Cluster of neuron cell bodies
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2
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  1. Provide the myelin in the peripheral nervous system
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3
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  1. Myelinate the central nervous system
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4
Q

Disease that Affect Myelinated Cells

A
  1. Multiple Sclerosis

2. Gullain-Barre syndrome

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5
Q

Sensory Nerve Fibers (Afferent)

A
  1. Cranial nerves and peripheral nerves send information from the head and body to the brain
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6
Q 
Sensory Nerves (Afferent)
-Cranial Nerves
A
  1. Transmit sensory information from the head to the brain
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7
Q 
Sensory Nerves (Afferent)
-Peripheral Nerves
A
  1. Transmit sensory information from the rest of the body to the brain by the spinal cord
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8
Q

Motor Nerves (Efferent)

A
  1. The motor output of the brain to the rest of the body
  2. Cranial nerves innervate various parts of the head
  3. Peripheral nerves innervate the rest of the body
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9
Q

Motor Nerves

-Vagus Nerve

A
  1. Cranial nerve X is an exception:

- One of its roles is communication between the brain and the thoracic and abdominal viscera

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10
Q

Cranial Nerve 1?

-How is it Tested?

A
  1. Olfactory

2. Person is asked to sniff aromatic substance like oil or vanilla

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11
Q

Cranial Nerve 2?

-How is it Tested?

A
  1. Optic
  2. Tested with eye chart
    - testing point at which person first seen an object
    - Inside eye is viewed with ophthalmoscope to observe Blood vessels of interior eye
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12
Q

Cranial Nerve 3?

-How is It tested?

A
  1. Occulomotor
  2. Pupils examined for size, shape, and equality with PENLIGHT
  3. Ability to follow moving objects
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13
Q

Cranial Nerve 4?

-How is It tested?

A
  1. Trochlear

2. Tested in common with Cranial nerve 3 relative to ability to FOLLOW MOVING OBJECTS

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14
Q

Cranial Nerve 5?

-How is It tested?

A
  1. Trigeminal
  2. Sensation of pain, touch and temperature tested with SAFETY PIN & HOT & COLD OBJECTS
  3. Corneal reflex tested with a wisp of cotton
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15
Q

Cranial Nerve 6?

-How is It tested?

A
  1. Abducens
  2. Tested in common with cranial nerve 3 relative to ability to move each eye laterally

Cranial nerves 3, 4 and 6 are tested together Eye movement

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16
Q

Cranial Nerve 7?

-How is It tested?

A
  1. Facial
  2. Anterior 2/3 of tongue tested for ability to taste:
    - Sweet (sugar
    - Salty, sour (vinigar)
    - Bitter (Quinine)
  3. Check symmetry and facial expressions
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17
Q

Cranial Nerve 8?

-How is It tested?

A
  1. Vestibulocochlear (Acoustic)

2. Use a tuning fork to check bone conduction

18
Q

Cranial Nerve 9?

-How is It tested?

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal
  2. Gag and swallow reflexes checked (tongue blade)
  3. Posterior 1/3 of tongue may be tested for taste
19
Q

Cranial Nerve 10?

-How is It tested?

A
  1. Vagus
  2. Same testing as cranial nerve 9.
    - Gag reflex… Tongue blade
20
Q

Cranial Nerve 11?

-How is it Tested?

A
  1. Spinal Accessory
  2. Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles checked for strength by asking subject to rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance
21
Q

Cranial Nerve 12

-How is it Tested?

A
  1. Subject is asked to stick out tongue

- Any position abnormalities are noted

22
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A
  1. Travel from the Brain to the Spinal Cord
23
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

A
  1. Travel from the Spinal Cord to the muscle
24
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Injury

-Signs

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Paralysis
  3. Spasticity (Muscle is still ok)
  4. Increased Reflexes (nothing modulates reflexes)
  5. Babinski Sign (Big toe goes up)
25
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Injury

-Signs

A
  1. Flaccidity (Muscle doesn’t receive any message)
  2. Decreased reflexes
  3. Muscle atrophy
  4. Paralysis
  5. Weakness
26
Q

Lesions Above Decussation

-Manifestation

A
  1. If a lesion occurs above the decussation of the corticospinal tract in the pyramids, the motor deficit will be on the OPPOSITE SIDE of the body from the lesion
27
Q

Lesion Below Decussation

-Manifestation

A
  1. If a lesion occurs below the decussation EX. (spinal cord or a peripheral nerve), the motor deficit will be on the SAME (ipsilateral) side of the body as the lesion
28
Q

Sensory Pathways

-2 main Pathways

A
  1. Posterior columns

2. Spinothalmic Tracts

29
Q

Sensory Pathways

-Posterior Columns

A
  1. Deals with sensory information
30
Q

Sensory Pathways

-Spinothalmic Tracts (anterior)

A
  1. Motor information communicated through spinothalmic tracts
31
Q

Proprioception

A
  1. Recognizing your body in relation to space
32
Q

ANS

-Sympathetic

A
  1. Adrenergic

2. Mobilizes energy in times of need

33
Q

ANS

-Parasympathetic

A
  1. Cholinergic

2. Conserves and restores energy

34
Q

Intracranial Pressure

A
  1. The Intracranial space is limited, so tumors, edema, and bleeding can elevate intracranial pressure
35
Q 
Intracranial Pressure (Increased)
-S/S
A
  1. Nausea
  2. Headache
  3. Visual changes
  4. Seizures
  5. Behavioral changes
  6. Neurological deficits
36
Q

Intracranial Pressure

-Treatment

A
  1. IV mannitol

- Osmotic that increases osmolarity of blood and draws water from edema into the blood

37
Q

Increased Intracranial Pressure

-Contraindication

A
  1. Lumbar puncture can be dangerous since it can create a negative pressure in the spinal canal
    - can precipitate herniation
38
Q

Cerebral Edema

-Vasogenic Edema

A
  1. Caused by INCREASED PERMEABILITY of capillary endothelium of the brain after injury to the vascular structure

CLINICALLY THE MOST IMPORTANT TYPE

39
Q

Cerebral Edema

-Cytotoxic Edema

A
  1. Affect the cellular elements of the brain tissue
    -Causes failure of active transport systems
    -Cells lose their potassium and gain large amounts of sodium
    (mostly happens in gray matter)
40
Q

Cerebral Edema

-Interstitial Edema

A
  1. Caused by transependymal movement of CSF from the ventricles into the extracellular spaces of teh brain tissue
  2. Increases hydrostatic pressure w/in the WHITE MATTER. Seen most in noncomunicating HYDROCEPHALUS
41
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  1. Refers to various conditions characterized by excess fluid in the cerebral ventricles, subarachnoid space, or both
42
Q

Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus

A
  1. Congenital Cause
  2. Obstruction of CSF flow between ventricles
    - aqueduct stenosis
    - tumor
43
Q

Communicating Hydrocephalus

A
  1. Caused by Infection w/ inflammatory adhesions

2. Impaired absorption of CSF w/in subarachnoid space

Pathophysiology: Test 4 (9 decks)

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