Obesity Flashcards
0
Q
2 Theories of how obesity causes Diabetes Type 2
A
- The cell gets bigger and insulin receptors are farther apart. (physical theory)
- Adipose tissue releases cytokines that increase insulin resistance
1
Q
Obesity
-Causes
A
- Chemical irritation of the endothelial lining is caused by adipose tissue releasing of cytokines
2
Q
Obesity
-Linked to Liver disease
A
- Deposits of fat in the liver from obesity
- Fatty liver with increased (LFT’s)
3
Q
Obesity
-Leptin Resistance
A
- Acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite.
- High levels of leptin are ineffective at decreasing appetite
- Leptin is expressed by adipocytes so it increases w/ obesity
- associated w/ insulin resistance
4
Q
Obesity
-Inflammation
A
- Obesity promotes a low-grade systemic inflammation that is r/t to T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration
5
Q
Obesity
-Genetics
A
- A child of two obese parents has about an 80% chance of becoming obese
6
Q
BMI
A
- BMI is defined as ratio of weight (Kg) and height (meters squared)
7
Q
Normal BMI
A
- 20-25 kg/m2
8
Q
Overweight BMI
A
- 25-30kg/m2
9
Q
Obese BMI
A
- 30-40 kg/m2
10
Q
Severe (morbid) Obesity BMI
A
- Above 40 kg/m2
11
Q
What measurements are used to determine Obesity?
A
- BMI
2. Waist-to-Hip Ratio
12
Q
Visceral Obesity
A
- Male obesity that is closely associated with metabolic complications such as:
- HTN, Insulin resistance… - Apple shape
13
Q
Peripheral Obesity
A
- Feminine obesity / fat distributed around the thighs and buttocks
- Pear shape
- Less metabolically active, less lipolytic and releases less adipocytokines than visceral fat
14
Q
Normal Waist to Hip Ratio
-Male
A
- Less than 1.0 is normal ratio in Men
15
Q
Normal Waist to Hip Ratio
-Female
A
- Ratio less than 0.6 is normal
16
Q
Leptin
-Mouse experiment
A
- Leptin is found in the blood of normal mice but NOT of genetically obese mice
- If leptin is injected into the third lateral ventricle of the mouse, the mouse will have reduced intake of food
17
Q
Obesity
-Environmental Factors
A
- Sedentary Lifestyle
- Hypothalamic injury
- Drugs
- Endocrine disorders
- Increased availability of food
18
Q
Obesity
-Genetic Factors
A
- Dysmorphic Syndrome
2. Over-expression of NPY (Neuropeptide-Y)
19
Q
Obesity
-Energy Expenditure
A
- Decreased physical activity
2. Decrease metabolic rate
20
Q
Hormones that are related to Obesity
A
- Insulin
2. Cholecystokinin
21
Q
Insulin & Adipose tissue
A
- Serum insulin level is proportional to mass of adipose tissue
22
Q
Insulin
-Main action
A
- The main action of insulin is to increase food uptake by decreasing blood glucose
