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Building the Organism > The nervous system I > Flashcards

The nervous system I Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nervous system?

A

It is a structure that enables us to react/respond to a situation/stimulus

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2
Q

Typical nervous system order

A
  1. stimulus presented
  2. assesment
  3. preperation
  4. communication
  5. response
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3
Q

Response to stimuli in single cells and single-celled organisms is achieved by what?

A

membrane receptors

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4
Q

Single-celled organisms can detect changes in their environment and respond to stimuli using what?

A

receptor proteins embedded in their cell membranes

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5
Q

What do individual cells respond via?

A

receptors and signaling cascades but the responses of individual cells may be accumulated, they are then sent to effector organs whose actions are coordinated by the NS to mediate a response

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6
Q

What does the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit do?

A

play a role in learning, forming memories and retrieving them

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7
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

the ability of the brain or neuron to adjust in response to a new situation or environment

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8
Q

What is short-term memory accessed via?

A

the hippocampus

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9
Q

What does the hippocampus also play a role in?

A

long-term memory

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10
Q

Where is long-term memory stored?

A

the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

What is a nerve set?

A

a series of interconnected nerve cells

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12
Q

Describe the simplest animals’ nervous systems

A

they have neurons arranged in nerve nets; no ganglia and no centralisation

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13
Q

Describe a sea star nerve net

A

they have a nerve net in each arm connected by radial nerves to a central nerve ring

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14
Q

What is cephalization?

A

the clustering of sensory organs at the front end of the body

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15
Q

What type of animals exhibit cephalization?

A

bilaterally symmetrical animals

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16
Q

What are cephalized animal’s nervous system like?

A

nerve net connected by nerve cords connected to ganglia

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17
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

a brain and longitudinal nerve cords

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18
Q

What are ganglia?

A

segmentally arranged clusters of neurons called ganglia

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19
Q

Ladder system with the development of:

A
  • paired longitudinal nerve cords
  • cephalisation and development of paired cerebral ganglia
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20
Q

Insect nervous system:

A
  • cenetralised brain and many organs
  • receptors for taste and smell and on antennae and legs
  • antennae can detect odors or touch objects
  • simple and compound eyes
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21
Q

Earthworm nervous system:

A

ventral nerve cord developed from fusion of the two longitudinal cords in ladder system, ganglia in each segment coordinate movement and anterior ganglia control more complex behavior

22
Q

squid nervous system:

A

more complex behaviors are served by collections of neurons in specialist ganglia that process and integrate information

23
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

nerves and ganglia

24
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

conveys info from and to the brain and produces reflexes independently of the brain

25
Q

What do the spinal cord and brain develop from?

A

the embryonic nerve cord

26
Q

Where are most cells of the NS found?

A

the brain and spinal cord

27
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

transmits info to and from the CNS and regulates movement and the internal environment

28
Q

In the PNS what do afferent neurons transmit?

A

info to the CNS

29
Q

In the PNS what do efferent neurons transmit?

A

info away from the CNS

30
Q

What are the 2 efferent components of the PNS

A
  1. motor system
  2. autonomic nervous system
31
Q

What does the motor system do in the PNS?

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary

32
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do in the PNS?

A

regulates smooth and cardiac muscles and is generally involuntary

33
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system composed of?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

34
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the ANS regulate?

A

arousal and energy generation(fight or flight)

35
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the ANS do?

A

has antagonistic effects on target organs and promotes calling and a return to “rest and digest” functions

36
Q

What does the enteric division of the ANS control?

A

activity of the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

37
Q

When does vertebrate brain arise?

A

during embryonic development

38
Q

What are the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

39
Q

What is the cerebrospinal fluid filtered by?

A

blood

40
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

to cushion the brain and spinal cord as well as to provide nutrients and remove wastes

41
Q

Gray matter:

A

consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

42
Q

White matter:

A

consists of bundles of myelinated axons

43
Q

Developing arteries invaginate the roof of the ventricle to form what?

A

choroid fissure

44
Q

The involuted ependymal cells along with the vessels enlarge into villi and formwhat?

A

the choroid plexus

45
Q

Where is the choroid plexus in the adult brain found?

A

the 3rd, 4th and lateral ventricles

46
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

networks of capillaries in walls of ventricles

47
Q

How are the ventricles connected?

A

Lateral - third - fourth - subarachnoid space

48
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

in choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle

49
Q

Function of glia?

A

have numerous functions to support, and rgulate neurons

50
Q

Embryonic radial glia form tracks along which newly formed what migrate?

A

neurons

51
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

induce cells lining capillaries in the CNSto form tight junctions,resulting in a blood-brain barrier and restricting the entry of most substances into the brain

Building the Organism (11 decks)

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