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Building the Organism > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

4 examples of connective tissue

A
  1. loose connective tissue
  2. tendons
  3. bone
  4. blood
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2
Q

3 types of bone cells

A
  1. osteoblasts
  2. osteoclasts
  3. osteocytes
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3
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A

produce the organic matrix, move into the cavity, and secrete the osteoid to fill in the hole

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4
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

resorb bone to form a cavity

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5
Q

Function of osteocytes

A

produce the factors that regulate the start of both bone formation and resorption

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6
Q

How is growth in bone thickness achieved?

A

by adding new bone on top of the outer surface of already existing bone

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7
Q

How is growth in bone length achieved?

A

through the action of chondrocytes in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate

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8
Q

5 main parts in the structure of a long bone

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. bone of epiphysis
  3. epiphyseal plate
  4. bone of diaphysis
  5. marrow cavity
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9
Q

When do osteoblasts retire?

A

When they become osteocytes in mature non-growing bones

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10
Q

When osteoblasts retire(osteocytes) what are they involved in?

A

the hormonally-regulated exchange of calcium between bone and blood

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11
Q

What promotes the growth of bone in bone length and thickness?

A

Growth hormone and IGF-1

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12
Q

What stimulates the proliferation of epiphyseal cartilage?

A

Growth hormones via IGF-1

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13
Q

What can growth hormones promote?

A

lengthening of long bones as the epiphyseal plate remains cartiliganinuous

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14
Q

Effects that abnormal growth hormone secretion can have on growth?

A

Can cause gigantism or acromegaly

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15
Q

Key functions of the skeleton

A
  1. supports the body
  2. facilitates movement
  3. protects internal organs
  4. produces blood cells
  5. stores and releases minerals and fat
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16
Q

Should plasma Ca2+ be closely regulated?

A

Yes

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17
Q

How much of ECF Ca2+ is free?

A

less than 0.1%

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18
Q

Name some activities in the free fraction of ECF Ca2+ play a role in

A
  • neuromuscular activity
  • stimulus-secretion coupling
  • maintenance of tight junctions between cells
  • clotting of blood
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19
Q

Is bone dynamic?

A

Yes, it continuously undergoes remodeling

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20
Q

Parathyroid hormone(PTH) raises what when it starts to fall?

A

plasma Ca2+

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21
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

a decrease in bone density caused by lack of Ca2+, resulting in reduced deposition of the bone’s organic matrix

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22
Q

2 ways to help prevent osteoporosis

A
  1. physical activity throughout life
  2. a large reservoir of bone midlife
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23
Q

3 main layers of the skin in order

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis
24
Q

Describe the epidermis

A
  • numerous layers of epithelial cells
  • cells of the outer layer are dead and flattened
  • no direct blood supply
25
Q

What are epidermal cells held together by?

A

Desmosomes which interconnect with intracellular keratin filaments

26
Q

Describe the keratinized layer

A

as the outer layer cells die, this fibrous core remains, forming flattened, hardened scales that provide a tough keratinized layer

27
Q

Describe the dermis

A

-connective tissue layer
- contains elastin and collagen
- contains an abundance of blood vessels and specialized nerve endings

28
Q

What do receptors in the dermis detect

A

pressure, temperature, and pain

29
Q

Exocrine glands:

A

sweat and sebaceous glands

30
Q

Function of sweat glands

A

evaporation of sweat cools the skin and helps regulate temperature

31
Q

Function of sebaceous glands

A

produce sebum released into adjacent hair follicles

32
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A
  • the skin is anchored to the underlying tissue by the hypodermis
  • most fat cells are housed within the hypodermis
33
Q

4 specialized cells in the epidermis

A
  1. melanocytes
  2. keratinocytes
  3. langerhan cells
  4. granstein cells
34
Q

Melanocytes function

A

produce melatin(skin pigment)

35
Q

Keratinocytes function

A

keratin production(generate hair and nails)

36
Q

Function of blood

A

Transport medium within which materials being transported long distances in the body are dissolved or suspended

37
Q

3 specialised cellular elements in blood

A
  1. erythrocytes(RBCs)
  2. leukocytes(WBCs)
  3. platelets (thrombcytes)
38
Q

Average hematocrit in males and females

A

Males: 40%-54%
Females: 36%-48%

39
Q

What happens to hematocrit when dehydrated or anemic?

A

Dehydrated: hematocrit appears higher
Anemic: hematocrit appears lower

40
Q

Function of plasma proteins

A

responsible for plasma capacity to buffer

41
Q

What are the 3 groups of plasma proteins?

A
  1. albumins
  2. globulins
  3. fibrinogen
42
Q

Describe erythrocytes

A
  • RBC’s
  • biconcave, disc-shaped cells
  • large surface area
  • thin
  • flexibility to the membrane
43
Q

What molecules can hemoglobin combine with?

A

O2, CO2, H+, CO, NO

44
Q

What is EPO?

A

erythropoiesis

45
Q

5 types of leukocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
  4. monocytes
  5. lymphocytes
46
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

phagocytes specialist; can destroy bacteria intracellularly by phagocytosis or externally by programmed cell death

47
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

associated with allergic conditions or parasite infections

48
Q

Functions of basophils

A

synthesize, store, and release histamine and heparin

49
Q

Function of monocytes

A

mature and enlarge to become large tissue phagocytes known as macrophages

50
Q

Function of B lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies which circulate in the blood

51
Q

Function of T lymphocytes

A

directly destroy specific target cells by cell-mediated immunity

52
Q

What are platelets?

A

small cell fragments that shed off the outer edge of megakaryocytes

53
Q

Structure of platelets

A

contain high concentration of actin and myosin(enables them to contract)

54
Q

Function of platelets

A

synthesis of secretory products that they store in cytosolic granules

55
Q

Steps of hemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. formation of a platelet plug
  3. blood coagulation(clotting)

Building the Organism (11 decks)

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