Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Building the Organism > Gene Expression - Basic Mechanisms in Transcription > Flashcards

Gene Expression - Basic Mechanisms in Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

What do genes encode?

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do proteins dictate?

A

cell function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do all cells have the same genetic material?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can determine cell differentiation and identity/function?

A

differential gene expression regulated by the combination of different transcription factors in that cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What gene types do red blood cells have?

A

housekeeping and haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What gene types do muscle cells have?

A

housekeeping and myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What gene types do pancreatic cells have?

A

housekeeping and insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the initiation of transcription of a gene?

A

the primary control point for gene expression, usually at the very beginning of the protein production process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells have distinct sets of transcription regulators;…

A

some of these regulators work to increase transcription, whereas others prevent or suppress it, such that only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed at any one time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In prokaryotes, what are regulatory proteins often controlled by?

A

nutrient availability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is nutrient availability a benefit for regulatory proteins in prokaryotes?

A

allows organisms such as bacteria to rapidly adjust their transcription patterns in response to environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What two steps are in gene expression to form a polypeptide?

A
  1. transcription
  2. translation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does transcription produce?

A

RNA complementary to one strand of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does translation convert?

A

converts RNA sequence to amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

5 ways RNA differs from DNA

A
  1. usually one polynucleotide strand
  2. the sugar is ribose
  3. bases in RNA can pair with a single strand of DNA
  4. single strand RNA can fold into complex shapes by internal base pairing
  5. contains uracil instead of lycine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

snRNA:

A
  • small nuclear RNA
  • involved in RNA processing(splicing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

miRNA:

A
  • micro RNA
  • inhibits translation
18
Q

tRNA:

A
  • transfer RNA
  • adapter between amino acids and mRNA sequence
19
Q

mRNA:

A
  • messenger RNA
  • protein-coding sequence of a gene
20
Q

rRNA:

A
  • ribosomal RNA
  • structural and catalytic component of the ribosome
21
Q

Which way is RNA synthesised?

A

5’ –> 3’

22
Q

Formation of the linkage between nucleotides always occurs by adding what to what?

A

the 5’-phosphate end of the new nucleotide to the 3’-OH end of the nucleic acid

23
Q

3 transcription components

A
  1. nucleoside triphosphates as substrates
  2. an RNA polymerase enzyme
  3. a DNA template for base pairings
24
Q

Parts of a gene:

A
  • promoter
  • transcription initiation site
  • RNA coding sequence
  • terminator
  • transcription termination site
25
Q

What does RNA polymerize?

A

synthesis of RNA, complementary to a DNA template strand

26
Q

RNA polymerases are processive:…

A

a single enzyme-template binding results in polymerization of hundreds of RNA bases

27
Q

Do RNA polymerases need primers?

A

no

28
Q

Do RNA polymerases need to proofread?

A

no

29
Q

3 steps of transcription:

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
30
Q

Initiation: Sigma factors and transcription factors are proteins that do what?

A

they bind to the promoter DNA sequences, recruit DNA polymerase to the promoter, and help determine which gens are expressed at particular times

31
Q

Initiation: What do promoters do?

A

direct the enzyme where to start and which strand of DNA to transcribe

32
Q

At which stage of transcription does unwinding of DNA occur?

A

initiation

33
Q

What is the initiation site?

A

where transcription begins (promoters have these)

34
Q

Elongation: How many base pairs at a time does RNA polymerase unwind DNA?

A

about 10 base pairs at a time

35
Q

Elongation: Which direction is DNA unwound?

A

3’ –> 5’

36
Q

Elongation: Is the transcript parallel or antiparallel to the DNA template strand?

A

antiparallel

37
Q

Elongation: Do RNA polymerases proofread and/or correct mistakes?

A

no and no

38
Q

Elongation: What do RNA polymerases use as substrates?

A

nucleoside triphosphates(NTPs)

39
Q

Elongation: How many phosphate groups are removed from each substrate molecule?

A

two

40
Q

What is termination specified by?

A

a specific DNA sequence

41
Q

Termination: What two things may happen?

A
  1. the transcript forms a loop and falls away from the DNA
  2. a protein binds to the transcript and causes it to detach from the DNA

Building the Organism (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions