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Biology B1 > The Nervous System and Menstrual Cycle > Flashcards

The Nervous System and Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

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0
Q

How are messages passed along the nervous system

A

By electrical signals called impulses

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1
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

It controls how we react to our surroundings and our behaviour

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2
Q

What are the 5 sense organs and the receptors found there

A 
Ears- sound 
Eyes- light receptors 
Tongue - taste receptors 
Skin- touch,change in temperature 
Nose-smell
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3
Q

What is stimuli

A

Changes in the environment that trigger receptors

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4
Q

What are receptors

A

Cells that are able to pick up changes in the environment

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5
Q

What are neurones and nerves

A

Neurones are special cells that pass along impulses

Lots of them together are nerves

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6
Q

What are sensory neurones

A

Special cells that carry the impulses from the sense organs to the CNS

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7
Q

What is the CNS

A

The brain or the spinal cord were the impulses are sent to be directed to the right effector organ

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8
Q

What are motor neurons

A

Neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS towards the effector organ

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9
Q

What happens at the effector organ

A

If it a muscle it contracts if it is gland it secretes

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10
Q

What is the order of a response in the nervous system

A

Receptor - sensory neurone-CNS- Motor neurone- effector

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11
Q

What is a reflex

A

A fast and automatic response to stimuli

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12
Q

What happens in a reflex arc

A
  1. A receptor picks a stimuli,such touching a hot plate
  2. Electrical impulses are sent from that receptor to the sensory neurone
  3. From there the impulses are sent to the relay neurone which is normally the spine
  4. the impulses are transported via the motor neurones to the effector organ
  5. there the effector organ contracts and a response Is your hand moving away from the plate
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13
Q

What is a synapse

A

It is a junction in which two neurones meet

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14
Q

What happens at a synapse

A

At one neurone sacs containing chemicals is transfused from over the space and attached on to the surface of other neurone then the impulses continues

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15
Q

Why in a reflex arc do the impulse bypass the conscious parts of the brain

A

The unconscious parts of the brain are bypassed so the reflex can happen quickly as the time between the stimuli and reaction is reduced

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16
Q

Name the stages of the reflex arc

A

Stimuli-receptor - sensory neurone-relay neurone -motor neurone-effector-response

17
Q

What is the difference between the reflex arc and normal response

A

Reflex arc bypasses conscious parts of the brain and is quicker, normal uses the brain

18
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical substances that control functions in our body, they are made and secreted in glands and they are transported in the blood

19
Q

What are the differences between nerves and hormones

A

Nerves- they are work fast
Work for a small amount of time
Act on a specific area

Hormones-slow in action
They have long lasting effects
Have an effect all over the body

20
Q

What are the stages in the menstrual cycle

A

The uterus begins to thicken and strengthen to support a baby
Half way through a mature egg is released
If it comes in contact with sperm it may fertilise and form an embryo
If it dosent then the uterus line along with the egg break apart and shed and leads to the period

21
Q

What 3 hormones are important for the cycle

A

FSH,LH and oestrogen

22
Q

Which gland produces FSH and LH

A

The pituary gland in the Brain

23
Q

Where is oestrogen produced

A

In the ovaries

24
Q

What does FSH do in the cycle

A

It causes eggs to mature in the ovaries and causes the ovaries to produce oestrogen

25
Q

What does oestrogen do in the menstural cycle

A

Oestrogen strengthens the lining of the uterus, inhibits the production of FSH and stimulates the pituary gland to produce LH

26
Q

What does LH do in the cycle

A

It causes ovulation the release of one mature egg

27
Q

What do oral contraceptives contain and what effect to they have on pregnancies

A

They contain oestrogen which inhibits the production of FSH which stops eggs maturing preventing pregnancies

28
Q

What are the positives of oral contraceptives

A

They help prevent in unwanted pregnancies

Help prevent some cancers

29
Q

What are the cons of oral contraceptive s

A

They must be taken regularly or artificial hormone level drops and pregnancy may occur

Sideffects-such as headaches,nausea

Don’t prevent STDs

30
Q

What does proestrogene do to prevent pregnancies

A

It produces thick mucus across the cervix to prevent sperm from entering although not as effective as oral contraceptive a

31
Q

How can the chances of pregnancies increase

A

FSH can be injected into women with low levels of them so eggs can mature

IVF

32
Q

Name the cons of increasing chances of the pregnancies

A

The treatments don’t always work and are expensive

More the one egg may be mature and can result in multiple births

33
Q

Describe the stages in IVF

A
  1. Ripe eggs are collected from a women uterus
  2. They are placed in a special solution and placed in a Petri dish
  3. They are mixed with sperm
  4. After time they are checked to see if any embryos have formed.
  5. If so they are 1 or 2 embryos are placed back in the woman’s womb and to see if an baby is formed
34
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The body having a constant internal environment

35
Q

What organ helps regulate water and ion levels

A

The kidneys

36
Q

What things in the body must be kept constant

A

Ion level
Temperature
Sugar level
Water

37
Q

How is the ion level regulated

A

It is taken into the body by foods, it is lost sweat, excessive is removed from the blood by the kidneys and then released as urine

38
Q

How is water regulated in the body

A

It is taken in by food and drink

It’s lost via sweating from the skin
Breathing from the lungs
And from urine

39
Q

How does weather or active participation affect homeostasis

A

In colder weather, more urine than sweat is produced and it is mainly waste

In hot weather or when doing lots of activity, more sweat is produced and along with urine is concentrated as it cools is down

40
Q

Why is temperature important in homeostasis

A

37 degrees is the temperature at which our enzymes work at their best, that’s why when we are to hot we sweat as it cools us down and lowers temperature and when we are cold we shiver to increase body temperature

41
Q

How is blood sugar regulated

A

Sugar(glucose) passes in our bloodstream from food that has entered the gut

It’s lost through normal metabolism and vigorous exercise

Insulin produced by the pancreas helps regulate blood sugar

Biology B1 (9 decks)

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