B1 Topics Fighting Disease Flashcards
What do pathogens to make us ill
They enter into the body and attack body cells making us ill
What are pathogens
Micro organisms that cause disease and illness
What are the two types of pathogens
Viruses and bacteria
How does bacteria make us ill
Bacteria produce poison toxins and attack our cells
What are infectious disease
Diseases that can be spread easily from person to person through pathogens
How do viruses make us ill
They go into our cells and use the cells functions to replicate themselves which cause the cells to burst
The burst in the cell makes us I’ll
What was causing many women to die during child birth in the 1800s
They were often being treated by doctors who were recently touching and examine dead bodies without clean there hands after
What did Semmelweis suggest they do before attending to the women
He said that they should wash their hands before delivering the babies
What are the four ways in which infections can be spread
Droplet infection - coughing and sneezing and an individual inhaling the pathogens afterwards (eg flu)
Direct contact- as a result of touching of the skin or sexually transmitted disease(herpes and genital warts)
Contaminated food or drink-eating food which is raw or hasn’t been cooked,drinking unclean water.as pathogens go to the stomach.eg diahorrea
Break through the skin-pathogens entering as a result of a cut or wound. Eg HIV and aids
3 ways in which the body’s ORGANs protect against infection
- Plalets are produced on the skin which cover any cuts or scratches they stop pathogens from getting in the body
- Mucus is produced by the breathing organs it covers the lungs and traps bacteria, it’s either passed down to the gut or out of the naval passage
- Any microorganism passed down to got is destroyed by stomach acid
What is the immune system
The bodies defence mechanism in counter attacking pathogens
Name the 3 ways in which white blood cells fight disease
- They engulf and digest pathogens and destroy them
- They produce antibodies to counter attack antigens, the antibodies attack specifc antigens
- Antitoxins to counter attack the poison toxins released by bacteria
What do many drugs do
They help relive symptoms but not kill the pathogen
What do antibodies do to fight pathogens
They help damage and kill bacteria cells,specific antibiotics are used on specific bacteria
Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses
Because viruses reproduce inside our cells
Why is it differcult to make drugs that kill viruses
As it is hard stop the viruses without damaging our cells
Who discovered antibiotics
Alexander Fleming
Explain the process of investigating antibiotics
1 the microorganism are placed in agar jelly,along with vitamins,minerals and proteins.this known as a culture
- pour hot ajar jelly in a Petri dish
- once it is cooled an inoculating loop with the microorganisms is placed on the culture.
- A sheet containing antibiotics is placed in the agar jelly
- Bacteria in the jelly that is resistant will form around the antibiotic , while those that aren’t will die
- The equipment is sterilised and the the Petri dish is sealed
- The temperature is at 25 degrees
Why is the equipment sterilised
So that no unwanted microorganisms are formed
Why is the temperature at 25 degrees on the Petri dish and why is lid sealed
So no harmful pathogens are made and so that the culture isn’t contaminated
What causes bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics
By overusing antibiotic and by people not completing their full course of antibiotic
Why are bacteria like MRSA dangerous
It is resistant to all forms of antibiotic and is spread in hospitals and causes deaths
What ways can help prevent the spread of MRSA
Doctors and medical washing hands between patients
Visitors washing there hands before and after visitation
Patients with bacterial infection being isolated from those who don’t
Hospitals having high levels of clean
hygiene
Medical uniform and clothes being sterilised after use or being disposable
Why is it dangerous when viruses and bacteria mutate
They change their DNA and by doing this they can form new diseases which may be resistant to antibiotic
What is a epidemic disease
A disease or illness that happens in one country
What is a pandemic disease
A worldwide disease that affects lots of countries
What do all new medicines need to be:
Effective: they prevent and cure the part of the body were needed or they relive symptoms
Safe: the medicine is not toxic or has any unsuitable side effects
Stable:it must be abled to be used in normal conditions and should last in stored conditions
Success in entering and leaving the body:it should be able to reach the affected area and after a while exit the body by Waste
What was Thalidomide used for
To help pregnant women who has morning sickness
How did it change the way we test medicines
It caused many pregnant women who took to have babies with serve deformities
What can it be used for today
To treat leprosy and maybe some cancers
What are antigens
Unique proteins found on cells
How does this benefit white blood cells
As they can tell which antigens are the bodies and which ones are foreign cells
How do vaccinations do to help combat pathogens
They help keep us immune from certain a diseases or illnesses
What happens in vaccinations
Dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body, which allows our white blood cells to find the correct antibodies to combat the pathogens
How can pathogens become resistant to antibiotic
By natural selection, they can mutate and become resistant
Why is it good that this happens in vaccination
It means that if the live pathogen occurred again it will be destroyed quickly by the white blood cells without the person falling ill
What are the positives of vaccinations
They help control the rate of infectious diseases
They help prevent epidemic and pandemic illnesses
What are the cons of vaccination
They don’t always work and make a person immune from disease
Some people may have a bad reaction to the vaccine
What is immunity
How quickly the white blood cells can produce antibodies to counter attack pathogens
