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Biology B1 > B1 Topics Fighting Disease > Flashcards

B1 Topics Fighting Disease Flashcards

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0
Q

What do pathogens to make us ill

A

They enter into the body and attack body cells making us ill

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1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Micro organisms that cause disease and illness

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2
Q

What are the two types of pathogens

A

Viruses and bacteria

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3
Q

How does bacteria make us ill

A

Bacteria produce poison toxins and attack our cells

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4
Q

What are infectious disease

A

Diseases that can be spread easily from person to person through pathogens

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5
Q

How do viruses make us ill

A

They go into our cells and use the cells functions to replicate themselves which cause the cells to burst

The burst in the cell makes us I’ll

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6
Q

What was causing many women to die during child birth in the 1800s

A

They were often being treated by doctors who were recently touching and examine dead bodies without clean there hands after

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7
Q

What did Semmelweis suggest they do before attending to the women

A

He said that they should wash their hands before delivering the babies

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8
Q

What are the four ways in which infections can be spread

A

Droplet infection - coughing and sneezing and an individual inhaling the pathogens afterwards (eg flu)

Direct contact- as a result of touching of the skin or sexually transmitted disease(herpes and genital warts)

Contaminated food or drink-eating food which is raw or hasn’t been cooked,drinking unclean water.as pathogens go to the stomach.eg diahorrea

Break through the skin-pathogens entering as a result of a cut or wound. Eg HIV and aids

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9
Q

3 ways in which the body’s ORGANs protect against infection

A
  1. Plalets are produced on the skin which cover any cuts or scratches they stop pathogens from getting in the body
  2. Mucus is produced by the breathing organs it covers the lungs and traps bacteria, it’s either passed down to the gut or out of the naval passage
  3. Any microorganism passed down to got is destroyed by stomach acid
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10
Q

What is the immune system

A

The bodies defence mechanism in counter attacking pathogens

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11
Q

Name the 3 ways in which white blood cells fight disease

A
  1. They engulf and digest pathogens and destroy them
  2. They produce antibodies to counter attack antigens, the antibodies attack specifc antigens
  3. Antitoxins to counter attack the poison toxins released by bacteria
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12
Q

What do many drugs do

A

They help relive symptoms but not kill the pathogen

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13
Q

What do antibodies do to fight pathogens

A

They help damage and kill bacteria cells,specific antibiotics are used on specific bacteria

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14
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses

A

Because viruses reproduce inside our cells

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15
Q

Why is it differcult to make drugs that kill viruses

A

As it is hard stop the viruses without damaging our cells

16
Q

Who discovered antibiotics

A

Alexander Fleming

17
Q

Explain the process of investigating antibiotics

A

1 the microorganism are placed in agar jelly,along with vitamins,minerals and proteins.this known as a culture

  1. pour hot ajar jelly in a Petri dish
  2. once it is cooled an inoculating loop with the microorganisms is placed on the culture.
  3. A sheet containing antibiotics is placed in the agar jelly
  4. Bacteria in the jelly that is resistant will form around the antibiotic , while those that aren’t will die
  5. The equipment is sterilised and the the Petri dish is sealed
  6. The temperature is at 25 degrees
18
Q

Why is the equipment sterilised

A

So that no unwanted microorganisms are formed

20
Q

Why is the temperature at 25 degrees on the Petri dish and why is lid sealed

A

So no harmful pathogens are made and so that the culture isn’t contaminated

21
Q

What causes bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics

A

By overusing antibiotic and by people not completing their full course of antibiotic

22
Q

Why are bacteria like MRSA dangerous

A

It is resistant to all forms of antibiotic and is spread in hospitals and causes deaths

23
Q

What ways can help prevent the spread of MRSA

A

Doctors and medical washing hands between patients

Visitors washing there hands before and after visitation

Patients with bacterial infection being isolated from those who don’t

Hospitals having high levels of clean
hygiene

Medical uniform and clothes being sterilised after use or being disposable

24
Q

Why is it dangerous when viruses and bacteria mutate

A

They change their DNA and by doing this they can form new diseases which may be resistant to antibiotic

25
Q

What is a epidemic disease

A

A disease or illness that happens in one country

26
Q

What is a pandemic disease

A

A worldwide disease that affects lots of countries

27
Q

What do all new medicines need to be:

A

Effective: they prevent and cure the part of the body were needed or they relive symptoms

Safe: the medicine is not toxic or has any unsuitable side effects

Stable:it must be abled to be used in normal conditions and should last in stored conditions

Success in entering and leaving the body:it should be able to reach the affected area and after a while exit the body by Waste

28
Q

What was Thalidomide used for

A

To help pregnant women who has morning sickness

29
Q

How did it change the way we test medicines

A

It caused many pregnant women who took to have babies with serve deformities

30
Q

What can it be used for today

A

To treat leprosy and maybe some cancers

31
Q

What are antigens

A

Unique proteins found on cells

32
Q

How does this benefit white blood cells

A

As they can tell which antigens are the bodies and which ones are foreign cells

33
Q

How do vaccinations do to help combat pathogens

A

They help keep us immune from certain a diseases or illnesses

34
Q

What happens in vaccinations

A

Dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body, which allows our white blood cells to find the correct antibodies to combat the pathogens

35
Q

How can pathogens become resistant to antibiotic

A

By natural selection, they can mutate and become resistant

36
Q

Why is it good that this happens in vaccination

A

It means that if the live pathogen occurred again it will be destroyed quickly by the white blood cells without the person falling ill

37
Q

What are the positives of vaccinations

A

They help control the rate of infectious diseases

They help prevent epidemic and pandemic illnesses

38
Q

What are the cons of vaccination

A

They don’t always work and make a person immune from disease

Some people may have a bad reaction to the vaccine

39
Q

What is immunity

A

How quickly the white blood cells can produce antibodies to counter attack pathogens

Biology B1 (9 decks)

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