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Physiology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system functions

A

sensory input
integration of sensory input
homeostasis
mental activity
muscle control

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2
Q

Nerve impulse

A

the electrical charge that passes btwn neurons until it reaches a terminal

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3
Q

polar

A

more negative

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4
Q

resting membrane charge

A

-77 mv

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5
Q

at what value is an action potential generated

A

-55 mv

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6
Q

graded potential

A

a local event (involving one neuron) where there is an incomplete depolarization and no AP is generated

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7
Q

Propagation

A

movement of AP down the axon

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8
Q

myelin sheath

A

the covering on an axon that speeds up propagation

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9
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

the gaps between myelin sheath

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10
Q

saltatory conduction

A

jumping of an impulse between the nodes of ranvier

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11
Q

how does diameter affect propagation

A

larger diameter neurons conduct faster impulses

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12
Q

absolute refractory period

A

point at which the cell has fully depolarized, making it impossible for action potential to travel the opposite way up the axon

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13
Q

synapse

A

the gap btwn neurons, communication site

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14
Q

synapse components

A
  1. axon terminals of pre-synaptic neuron
  2. receptor sites of post-synaptic neuron
  3. synaptic cleft
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15
Q

which neurotransmitters are used for neurons ?

A

acetylcholine (primary for motor neurons of skeletal muscle)
norepinephrine + epinephrine used fir sympathetic nerve endings

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16
Q

what are the two types of incoming post-synaptic response, and what do they lead to?

A
  1. excitatory: membrane depolarization, influx of Na+
  2. inhibitory: hyper polarization, influx of k+
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17
Q

summation

A

an adding of all EPSP and IPSP’s, performed by the axon hillock

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18
Q

where on the muscles do NT’s bind?

A

receptor sarcolemmas of the muscle

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19
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

space between axon terminal motor end plates and the muscle fiber

19
Q

refractory period

A

time during depolarization where muscle fibers are unable to respond to other stimuli

20
Q

Nervous system organization

A

-central: brain and spine
-peripheral
-afferent/sensory
-efferent/motor:
-somatic
-autonomic:
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic

21
Q

lobes of the cerebrum

A

-frontal
-occipital
-parietal
-temporal
-insular (emotion/self perception, sensorimotor processing)
-cerebral cortex (memory, thinking, learning, reasoning)
-motor cortex (voluntary muscle control, skill acquisition)

22
Q

diencephalon

A

portion of the brain which contains the thalamus (sensory input center) and hypothalamus (endocrine control, autonomic NS, homeostasis)

23
Q

cerebellum

A

portion of the brain which coordinates complex movement, accounts for body position/timing

24
Q

brainstem

A

connects cerebrum to spinal cord, houses all sensory and motor nerves, contains pons, midbrain, and medulla

25
Q

spinal cord

A

connects to midbrain, allows for 2 way nerve impulse conduction

26
Q

sensory fibers

A

afferent, carry signals from sensory receptors to higher levels of CNS (dorsal root)

27
Q

motor fibers

A

efferent, carry impulses from brain to spinal cord to target organs (ventral root)

28
Q

joint kinesthetic receptors

A

receptors of the sensory NS w/in the joint capsule, sensitive to joint angle changes

29
Q

muscle spindles

A

receptors of the sensory NS, relay info ab how much a muscle is stretched

30
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

receptors of the sensory NS, measure tension applied to tendons

31
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

innervates involuntary muscle/glands

32
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares the body for exercise by increasing HR, respiration, blood pressure thru broncho and vaso dilation

33
Q

parasympathetic ns

A

active during rest, decreases HR, respiration , blood pressure thru broncho and vaso restriction

34
Q

dual innervation

A

the autonomic NS is innervated with both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

35
Q

cholinergic neurons

A

bind acetylcholine for use by the ANS, can be either nicotinic or muscarinic

36
Q

adrenergic neurons

A

bind norepinephrine and epinephrine for use by the ANS

36
Q

what reflex lowers HR?

A

parasympathetic of vagus nerve

37
Q

what reflex raises HR?

A

symp reflex of cardiac accelerator

38
Q

sensory input process

A
  1. receptors detect sensation
  2. sensory input travels to CNS (via afferent neurons)
  3. Impulse terminates in one of 5 integration centers
39
Q

what are the 5 integration centers?

A
  1. spinal cord (simple reflex)
  2. lower brain stem (subconscious motor rxns)
  3. cerebellum (subconscious gross motor)
  4. thalamus (conscious movement, response to stimuli)
  5. cerebral cortex (learned response)
40
Q

reflex arc

A
  1. sensory impulse terminates in the spinal cord
  2. impulse is transmitted to motor neuron
  3. impulse transmitted to muscle for involuntary reaction
41
Q

what receptors initiate reflex response

A

proprioceptors and chemoreceptors

42
Q

chemoreceptors

A

specialized free nerve endings,
- muscle spindles: info on muscle length
- Golgi tendon organs: muscle tension

43
Q

proprioceptors

A

same as joint kinesthetic receptors, sense body position and limb movement, divided into free nerve endings, pacinian corpuscles, and Golgi receptors

44
Q

Muscle spindles

A

type of chemoreceptor found between muscle fibers, sends info about length, contractile state, rate of change, resist over stretching

45
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

sensory receptors imbedded in tendons, sensitive to tension in the muscle, inhibit agonists and excite antagonists when stimulated by excessive tension

Physiology (7 decks)

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