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Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

made of organs which secrete hormones into blood

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2
Q

hormone

A

a chemical messenger transported to target cells, where it binds to specific hormone receptors

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3
Q

what increases a hormone’s effect

A

larger amount binding

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4
Q

hormone characteristics

A
  1. stability- larger/more complex=more stable
  2. communication- interaction w/ specific target tissue
  3. distribution- binding proteins help the hormones travel thru blood to target tissue
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5
Q

steroid hormone

A

lipid soluble +nonpolar (diffuse thru membrane), chem structure originates from cholesterol, secreted by adrenal, ovary, testes, placenta

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6
Q

examples of steroid

A

enzymes, structural proteins for growth/repair, regulatory proteins that alter enzyme function

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7
Q

non steroid hormone

A

non lipid-soluble, polar (can’t diffuse), travel in blood to targets, 2000-10000 receptors per cell

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8
Q

examples of nonsteroid

A

adenylate cyclase (produces cyclic amp, activates protein kinase)

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9
Q

acute hormone secretion

A

concentration changes suddenly/irregularly, water soluble/nonsteroid hormones (ex: epinephrine due to stress)

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9
Q

chronic hormone secretion

A

maintenance of constant hormone concentration, lipid soluble/steroid hormones (ex: thyroid hormones)

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10
Q

episodic hormone secretion

A

secreted at predictable intervals and concentrations, lipid soluble/ steroid hormones (ex: menstruation)

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11
Q

what are the 3 methods most hormones are controlled by?

A
  1. humoral
  2. neural
  3. hormonal
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12
Q

humoral control

A

action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland

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13
Q

neural control

A

control by nervous system (ex: stress stimulates the adrenal gland)

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14
Q

up regulation

A

increase in number of cell receptors, more hormones become available and activity becomes easier

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15
Q

hormonal control

A

control of one gland by hormones of another (ex: inhibiting hormones)

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16
Q

down regulation

A

the desensitization of a cell to the effects of a hormone, decreases the number of receptors and decreases hormone’s effect

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17
Q

how is the posterior pituitary regulated?

A

the hypothalamus uses a specialized neural pathway- cell bodies of neurons of the hyp. extend to the post. pit.

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18
Q

how is the anterior pituitary regulated?

A

thru specialized blood vessels- portal system of capillary networks connects the hypothalamus to the ant. pit., neurohormones release or inhibit hormones

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19
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

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20
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A
  • reduces water loss to maintain plasma volume
  • stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume due to sweating
21
Q

plasma osmolality

A

increased concentration of dissolved substances (electrolytes)

22
Q

oxytocin

A

(post pit) reproductive hormone which induces labor by stimulating uterine contraction, causes milk expulsion, cramps, unclear function in men

23
Q

hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

(post pit) growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, LH + FSH

24
Q

Growth hormone

A

(ant pit)
anabolic (bone/muscle growth), stimulates lipolysis, levels elevated during exercise, regulates blood levels of nutrients after exercise/during fasting

25
Q

prolactin

A

(ant pit) primary role= milk production, enhances progesterone secretion by ovaries, regulated by prolactin inhibiting/releasing hormones

26
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

(ant pit) increases phospholipase activity, opens Ca2+ channels and increases concentration of CA2+ in thyroid gland, release of TSH causes secretion of T3 and T4

27
Q

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

A

(ant pit) causes cortisol and aldosterone release from adrenal cortex, increases melanin production, derived from same molecule as MSH, endorphins, and lipotropins

27
Q

hormones of the thyroid

A

T3, T4, Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone

28
Q

LH and FSH

A

(ant pit) stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus, gonadotropins promote growth and function of gonads, regulate production of gametes/reproductive hormones

29
Q

T3 and T4

A

(thyroid) controlled by release of TSH, stimulated by exercise. Low levels lead to obesity: increase fatty acid oxidation, enhances glycolysis

30
Q

calcitonin

A

(thyroid) regulates plasma Ca2+, promotes bone strength in kids

31
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

plasma Ca2+ regulation in bone, kidneys, small intestine, Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys so less Ca2+ leaves the body in urine

32
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner portion of adrenal gland, modified SNS ganglion

33
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer portion of adrenal gland, secretes steroid hormones

34
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine +norepinephrine, prepare the body for fight/flight, increase HR, BP, respiration, decrease kidney/digestive function

35
Q

alpha and beta receptors

A

both combine with the catecholamines, alpha opens ca2+ channels, beta opens cyclic amp channels

36
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

epinephrine+ norepinephrine

37
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

mineral corticoids, gonadicocorticoids, glucocorticoids

38
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

(adrenal cortex) regulate Ka and Na balance in blood, increase Na absorption by kidneys, eventually increases bp

39
Q

gonadicocorticoids

A

(adrenal cortex) androgen hormones that lead to development of male secondary sex characteristics , mostly secreted by reproductive system

40
Q

glucocorticoids

A

stimulated by exercise/fasting, promotes lipid breakdown, reduces glucose uptake, stimulates gluconeogensis, reduces intensity of inflammatory response

41
Q

hormones of the pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

42
Q

pancreas

A

both exocrine (produces pancreatic juice) and endocrine (islets of langerhans secrete alpha cells- glucagon, beta cells-insulin, and delta cells- somatostatin)

43
Q

insulin

A

(B cells of pancreas) secreted during hyperglycemia, promotes glucose uptake into cells, reduces circulating glucose

44
Q

glucagon

A

(alpha cells of pancreas) opposite function of insulin: secreted during hypoglycemia, promotes glycogenolysis in liver, mobilizes fatty acids, increases circulating glucose

45
Q

factors that increase insulin secretion

A

hyperglycemia, parasympathetic stimulation with food intake, GI hormones that regulate digestion (gastrin, secretine, cholecystokinin)

46
Q

factors that decrease insulin secretion

A

hypoglycemia, activation of SNS, somatostatin (released during food intake), glucagon regulation (increased BG inhibits, decreased BG stimulates)

47
Q

testosterone

A

(testes) anabolic properties, androgenic properties

48
Q

inhibin

A

released by ovaries and testes, increases FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary

49
Q

estrogen and progesterone

A

secreted by the ovaries, repairs mammary glands, leads to fatty tissue buildup

50
Q

Erythropoietin

A

released by kidney, increases O2 carrying capacity of red blood cells

Physiology (7 decks)

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