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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

made of organs which secrete hormones into blood

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2
Q

hormone

A

a chemical messenger transported to target cells, where it binds to specific hormone receptors

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3
Q

what increases a hormone’s effect

A

larger amount binding

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4
Q

hormone characteristics

A
  1. stability- larger/more complex=more stable
  2. communication- interaction w/ specific target tissue
  3. distribution- binding proteins help the hormones travel thru blood to target tissue
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5
Q

steroid hormone

A

lipid soluble +nonpolar (diffuse thru membrane), chem structure originates from cholesterol, secreted by adrenal, ovary, testes, placenta

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6
Q

examples of steroid

A

enzymes, structural proteins for growth/repair, regulatory proteins that alter enzyme function

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7
Q

non steroid hormone

A

non lipid-soluble, polar (can’t diffuse), travel in blood to targets, 2000-10000 receptors per cell

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8
Q

examples of nonsteroid

A

adenylate cyclase (produces cyclic amp, activates protein kinase)

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9
Q

acute hormone secretion

A

concentration changes suddenly/irregularly, water soluble/nonsteroid hormones (ex: epinephrine due to stress)

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9
Q

chronic hormone secretion

A

maintenance of constant hormone concentration, lipid soluble/steroid hormones (ex: thyroid hormones)

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10
Q

episodic hormone secretion

A

secreted at predictable intervals and concentrations, lipid soluble/ steroid hormones (ex: menstruation)

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11
Q

what are the 3 methods most hormones are controlled by?

A
  1. humoral
  2. neural
  3. hormonal
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12
Q

humoral control

A

action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland

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13
Q

neural control

A

control by nervous system (ex: stress stimulates the adrenal gland)

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14
Q

up regulation

A

increase in number of cell receptors, more hormones become available and activity becomes easier

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15
Q

hormonal control

A

control of one gland by hormones of another (ex: inhibiting hormones)

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16
Q

down regulation

A

the desensitization of a cell to the effects of a hormone, decreases the number of receptors and decreases hormone’s effect

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17
Q

how is the posterior pituitary regulated?

A

the hypothalamus uses a specialized neural pathway- cell bodies of neurons of the hyp. extend to the post. pit.

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18
Q

how is the anterior pituitary regulated?

A

thru specialized blood vessels- portal system of capillary networks connects the hypothalamus to the ant. pit., neurohormones release or inhibit hormones

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19
Q

hormones of the posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

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20
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A
  • reduces water loss to maintain plasma volume
  • stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume due to sweating
21
Q

plasma osmolality

A

increased concentration of dissolved substances (electrolytes)

22
Q

oxytocin

A

(post pit) reproductive hormone which induces labor by stimulating uterine contraction, causes milk expulsion, cramps, unclear function in men

23
Q

hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

(post pit) growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, LH + FSH

24
Growth hormone
(ant pit) anabolic (bone/muscle growth), stimulates lipolysis, levels elevated during exercise, regulates blood levels of nutrients after exercise/during fasting
25
prolactin
(ant pit) primary role= milk production, enhances progesterone secretion by ovaries, regulated by prolactin inhibiting/releasing hormones
26
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(ant pit) increases phospholipase activity, opens Ca2+ channels and increases concentration of CA2+ in thyroid gland, release of TSH causes secretion of T3 and T4
27
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
(ant pit) causes cortisol and aldosterone release from adrenal cortex, increases melanin production, derived from same molecule as MSH, endorphins, and lipotropins
27
hormones of the thyroid
T3, T4, Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone
28
LH and FSH
(ant pit) stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus, gonadotropins promote growth and function of gonads, regulate production of gametes/reproductive hormones
29
T3 and T4
(thyroid) controlled by release of TSH, stimulated by exercise. Low levels lead to obesity: increase fatty acid oxidation, enhances glycolysis
30
calcitonin
(thyroid) regulates plasma Ca2+, promotes bone strength in kids
31
Parathyroid hormone
plasma Ca2+ regulation in bone, kidneys, small intestine, Ca2+ reabsorption in kidneys so less Ca2+ leaves the body in urine
32
adrenal medulla
inner portion of adrenal gland, modified SNS ganglion
33
adrenal cortex
outer portion of adrenal gland, secretes steroid hormones
34
catecholamines
epinephrine +norepinephrine, prepare the body for fight/flight, increase HR, BP, respiration, decrease kidney/digestive function
35
alpha and beta receptors
both combine with the catecholamines, alpha opens ca2+ channels, beta opens cyclic amp channels
36
adrenal medulla hormones
epinephrine+ norepinephrine
37
adrenal cortex hormones
mineral corticoids, gonadicocorticoids, glucocorticoids
38
mineralocorticoids
(adrenal cortex) regulate Ka and Na balance in blood, increase Na absorption by kidneys, eventually increases bp
39
gonadicocorticoids
(adrenal cortex) androgen hormones that lead to development of male secondary sex characteristics , mostly secreted by reproductive system
40
glucocorticoids
stimulated by exercise/fasting, promotes lipid breakdown, reduces glucose uptake, stimulates gluconeogensis, reduces intensity of inflammatory response
41
hormones of the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
42
pancreas
both exocrine (produces pancreatic juice) and endocrine (islets of langerhans secrete alpha cells- glucagon, beta cells-insulin, and delta cells- somatostatin)
43
insulin
(B cells of pancreas) secreted during hyperglycemia, promotes glucose uptake into cells, reduces circulating glucose
44
glucagon
(alpha cells of pancreas) opposite function of insulin: secreted during hypoglycemia, promotes glycogenolysis in liver, mobilizes fatty acids, increases circulating glucose
45
factors that increase insulin secretion
hyperglycemia, parasympathetic stimulation with food intake, GI hormones that regulate digestion (gastrin, secretine, cholecystokinin)
46
factors that decrease insulin secretion
hypoglycemia, activation of SNS, somatostatin (released during food intake), glucagon regulation (increased BG inhibits, decreased BG stimulates)
47
testosterone
(testes) anabolic properties, androgenic properties
48
inhibin
released by ovaries and testes, increases FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary
49
estrogen and progesterone
secreted by the ovaries, repairs mammary glands, leads to fatty tissue buildup
50
Erythropoietin
released by kidney, increases O2 carrying capacity of red blood cells

Physiology (7 decks)

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