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Nursing- Bioscience 2 > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is neurology?

A

the branch of medical science that deals with normal functioning and disordered of the nervous system

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2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors

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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

-the somatic nervous system
-the autonomic nervous system
-enteric nervous system

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5
Q

What does the somatic nervous system consist of?

A

sensory neurons that conduct impulses from somatic and special sense receptors to the CNS and motor neurons from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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6
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

sensory neurons from visceral organs and motor neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands

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7
Q

What branches does the autonomic nervous system consist of?

A

-sympathetic nervous system
-parasympathetic division

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8
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

supports exercise and emergency actions or flight or fight response

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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

takes care of rest and digest activities

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10
Q

What does the enteric nervous system consist of?

A

-neurons in enteric plexuses in the gastrointestinal tract that function somewhat independently of the ANS and CNS
-it monitors sensory changes in and controls operation of the GI tract

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11
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. detecting stimuli
  2. analysing, integrating and storing sensory information
  3. responding to integrative decisions
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12
Q

What are neurons?

A

cells specialised for nerve impulse conduction and provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system e.g sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity

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13
Q

What are neuroglia cells? Give examples

A

-support nourish and protect the neurons and maintain homeostasis in the interstitial fluid that bathes neurons
-astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal
-in the parasympathetic NS includes Schwann cells and satellite cells

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of neurons?

A

-the dendrites
-cell body
-axons

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15
Q

What are the 3 classifications of neurons?

A

-multipolar
-bipolar
-unipolar

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16
Q

What are sensory neurons (afferent)?

A

-carry information into the CNS

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17
Q

What are motor neurons (efferent)?

A

carry information out of the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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18
Q

What are interneurons? (Relay)

A

located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons

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19
Q

What is white matter compared to grey matter?

A

-white matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons
-grey matter contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

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20
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Refers to a cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS, closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves

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21
Q

What is a nerve?

A

-a bundle of axons that is located in the PNS

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22
Q

what are cranial nerves and spinal nerves?

A

-cranial nerves= connect the brain to the periphery
-spinal nerves= connect the spinal cord to the periphery

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23
Q

what is a tract?

A

a bundle of axons that is located in the CNS, they interconnect neurons in the spinal cord and brain

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24
Q

What is an action potential?

A

generation of action potentials depends on the existence of a membrane potential and the presence of voltage-gated channels for sodium and potassium

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25
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

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26
Q

How does the resting membrane potential rise?

A

An unequal distribution of ions on either side of the plasma membrane and a higher membrane permeability to K+ than to Na+. The level of K+ is higher inside and the level of Na+ is higher outside, a situation that is maintained by sodium–potassium pumps.

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27
Q

What happens during an action potential?

A

voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels open in sequence. Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels results in depolarization, the loss and then reversal of membrane polarization (from –70 mV to +30 mV). Then, opening of voltage-gated K+ channels allows repolarization, recovery of the membrane potential to the resting level.

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28
Q

What is synaptic transmission?

A

neurons communicate with other neurons and with effectors at synapses in a series of events

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29
Q

What is an excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron’s membrane, brings the membrane potential closer to threshold, and increases the chance that one or more action potentials will arise.

30
Q

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

hyperpolarizes the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron, thereby inhibiting action potential generation.

31
Q

Give examples of important neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, neuropeptides, and nitric oxide.

32
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

-spinal cord contain neural pathways that control some of your rapid reactions and environmental changes

33
Q

What are the different layers of the spinal cord which protect and cover it?

A

-vertebral column protects the spinal cord

-meninges are three layers of connective tissue coverings around the brain and SC

-dura mater (outermost)

-arachnoid mater (middle layer)

-pia mater (innermost)

-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in the subarachnoid space

34
Q

What is the length of the adult spinal cord?

A

42-45cm

35
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex

36
Q

What are the 5 basic components of a reflex?

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integrating centre
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
37
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the brain?

A
  1. brain stem
  2. diencephalon
  3. cerebrum
  4. cerebellum
38
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

-its continuous with the spinal cord
-consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

39
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

-a clear, colourless liquid that carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals to neurons and neuroglia and removes their wastes and toxic substances

40
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

it protects the spinal cord from chemical and physical injury

41
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels

42
Q

What does the medullary respiratory centre do?

A

adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing

43
Q

What are the two types of nuclei in the midbrain?

A

-red nuclei= reddish due to rich blood supply and iron
-substantia nigra= large and darkly pigmented, loss of these neurons associated with Parkinson’s disease

44
Q

What are the major regions of the diencephalon in the brain?

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-pineal gland

45
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach cerebral cortex

46
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system, pituitary gland, regulation of emotion and eating and drinking

47
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

secretes the hormone melatonin

48
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

to compare intended movements programmed by the cerebral cortex with what is actually happening, receiving sensory impulses from muscles, tendons joints, and visual receptors

49
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

-consists of the cerebral cortex
-allows us to read, write, speak, remember and create

50
Q

What 4 lobes does the right and left cerebral hemisphere have

A

-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe

51
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

controls emotions including pain, pleasure, docility, affection, and anger

52
Q

What is the difference between the left and right side of the brain?

A

-left side controls the right side of the body

-left hemisphere responsible for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills and reasoning

-right side controls the left side of the body

-right side involved with spatial and pattern recognition and emotional content

53
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

-apart of the parasympathetic nervous system
-there are 12 pairs and are designated with roman numerals and with names

54
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 1, the olfactory nerve?

A

-in the lining of the nose
-allows smell

55
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 2, the optic nerve?

A

-in the retina of the eye
-allows vision

56
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 3, the oculomotor nerve?

A

-axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulate muscles of the upper eyelid and four muscles that move the eyeballs
-movement of upper eyelid and eyeball, altering shape of lens for near vision and constricts pupils

57
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 4, the trochlear nerve?

A

-axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulates the superior oblique muscles
-movement of the eyeball

58
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 5, the trigeminal nerve?

A

-has 3 branches (tri)
-touch pain temperature sensations and muscle sense

59
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 6, the abducens nerve?

A

-axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulates the lateral rectus muscles
-movement of eyeballs?

60
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 7, the facial nerve?

A

-axons from taste buds on tongue and axons from proprioceptors in muscles of face and scalp and neck muscles, plus parasympathetic axons that stimulate lacrimal glands and salivary glands
-facial expressions, secretion of tears and saliva

61
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 8, the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

-axons from semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle
-equilibrium

62
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 9, the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

-axons from taste buds and somatic sensory receptors on part of tongue from proprioceptors in some swallowing
-taste and somatic sensations (touch, pain), monitoring blood pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide

63
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 10, the vagus nerve?

A

-axons from taste buds in throat
-taste and somatic sensations (touch, pain), monitoring blood pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide

64
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 11, the accessory nerve?

A

-axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the throat and neck
-movements of head and shoulders

65
Q

What is the role of cranium nerve 12, the hypoglossal nerve?

A

-axons of somatic motor neurons that stimulates muscles of the tongue
-movement of tongue during speech and swallowing

66
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

-smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-certain glands

67
Q

What brain regions control the autonomic nervous system?

A

-hypothalamus
-brain stem

68
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control?

A

-sensory neurons convey input from receptors for special senses (visual, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium) and from receptors for somatic senses (pain, temperature, touch and proprioceptive sensations)

69
Q

How and where does autonomic motor neurons regulate activities?

A

-in their effector tissues (cardiac and smooth muscle) and glands
-by excitation and inhibition

70
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

-when organs receive impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
-nerve impulses from one division stimulate the organ to increase its activity (excitation) and impulses from other division decrease the organs activity (inhibition)

Nursing- Bioscience 2 (12 decks)

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