Reproduction Flashcards
what are the organs of the male reproductive system?
-testes (system of ducts, urethra)
-accessory sex glands
-supporting structures (scrotum and penis)
What is the function of the testes?
to produce sperm and secrete hormones
What is the scrotum?
a pouch that supports the testes
What are the spermatogenic cells?
- spermatogonium
- primary spermatocyte
- secondary spermatocyte
- spermatid
- sperm cell
What is spermatogenesis, where does it occur, and what does it produce?
-occurs in the testes
-consists of meiosis 1 and 2 and spermiogenesis
-creates 4 haploid sperm cells from a primary spermatocyte
what is the function of sperm?
fertilize a secondary oocyte
What does the hormone testosterone control?
-growth
-development
-maintenance of sex organs
-stimulates bone growth
-protein anabolism
-sperm maturation
-stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics
How does sperm get from the testes to the ovaries?
-sperm is transported from the testes to the epididymis where motility increases
-the ducts deferent stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation
-the male urethra passes through the prostate, deep perineal muscles and penis
What makes up semen and what is its function?
-a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
-provides the fluid in which sperm are transported, supplies nutrients, and neutralises the acidity of the male urethra and the vagina
what are the 3 parts of the penis and what is its function?
-the root
-the body
-the glans
-function is to introduce sperm
what is meant by an erection?
expansion of its blood sinuses under the influence of sexual excitation
What are the organs of the female reproductive system?
-ovaries
-fallopian tubes
-uterus
-vagina
-vulva
-mammary glands
Where are the ovaries located and what is their function?
-located in the upper pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus
-they produce secondary oocytes (immature egg cell), discharge secondary oocytes and secrete oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin and inhibit hormones
What is oogenesis and where does it take place?
-the production of haploid secondary oocytes
-begins in ovaries
-includes meiosis 1 and meiosis 2, which is completed after an ovulated secondary oocyte is fertilised by a sperm cell
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
-transports a secondary oocyte from an ovary to the uterus, and is the normal site of fertilisation
What is the uterus and its function
-part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes
-it functions in menstruation, implantation of a fertilised ovum, development of a foetus during pregnancy and labor
what is the endometrium?
the innermost layer of the uterine wall which undergoes marked changes during the menstrual cycle
what is the function of the vagina?
-the passageway for the menstrual flow
-the receptacle for the penis during sex
-the lower portion of the birth canal
-the smooth muscle of the vaginal wall makes it capable of considerable stretching
what is the vulva and what does it consist of?
-the collective term for the external genitals of the female
-mons pubis
-labia majora
-labis minora
-clitoris
-vestibule
-vaginal and urethral orifices
-paraurethral glands
-greater vestibular glands
What are the mammary glands and their function?
-located in the breasts
-modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that secrete and eject milk (lactation)
what does mammary glands development depend on?
oestrogen and progesterone
what is milk production of the mammary glands stimulated by?
-prolactin
-oestrogens
-progestrone
-oxytocin
what is the function of the female reproductive cycle?
-includes the ovarian and uterine cycles
-function is to develop secondary oocyte, and to prepare the endometrium each month to receive a fertilised egg
What is the role of the hormone FSH?
-stimulates development of follicles and initiates secretion of oestrogen by the folly les
What is the role of the hormone LH?
-to stimulate further the development of the follicles and secretion of oestrogen by follicular cells
-ovulation
-formation of the corpus luteum
-secretion of progestrone and oestrogen
What is the role of the hormone oestrogen?
-stimulate growth, development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, development of secondary sex characteristics and protein synthesis
What is the role of the hormone progesterone?
-works along side oestrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation and the mammary glands for milk synthesis
What is the role of the hormone relaxin?
increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and helps dilate the uterine cervix to ease delivery of a baby
what happens during menstrual phase?
part of endometrium is shed, discharging blood and tissue cells
what happens during preovulatory phase?
-a group of follicles in the ovaries begins to undergo maturation, one follicle outgrows the others and becomes dominant whilst the others die whilst endometrial repair occurs in uterus
what is ovulation?
the rupture of the dominant mature follicle and the release of secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity, brought about by LH
what happens in the postovulatory phase?
both progesterone and oestrogen are secreted in large quantities by the corpus luteum of the ovary and the uterine endometrium thickens in readiness for implantation
What happens if fertilisation and implantation doesn’t occur?
-the corpus letup degenerates and low levels of progesterone and oestrogen allow discharge of the endometrium (menstruation) followed by another reproductive cycle
What happens if fertilisation and implantation does occur?
the corpus luteum is maintained by hCG
