Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main uses of food molecules absorbed by the GI tract?

A
  1. to supply energy for sustaining life processes
  2. serve as building blocks for synthesis of more complex molecules e.g muscle proteins, hormones, enzymes
  3. storage for future use
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2
Q

What are nutrients?

A

chemical substances in food that body cells use for growth, maintenance and repair

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3
Q

What are the 6 main types of nutrients?

A

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-water
-minerals
-vitamins

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4
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

specific nutrient molecules that the body can’t make and must be obtained from the diet

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5
Q

What elements do all carbohydrates contain?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

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6
Q

Give examples of both simple sugars and complex sugars

A

-simple= glucose, fructose
-complex= starch, glycogen, cellulose

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7
Q

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

A

-energy
-energy storage
-principle component of dietary fibre

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8
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

the synthesis of glycogen from glucose

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9
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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10
Q

What elements do all proteins contain?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-sulphur

these form amino acids

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11
Q

What are the main functions of proteins

A

-structural= growth and repair
-functional= enzymes, hormones
-energy in starvation state

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12
Q

What elements do all lipids contain?

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-phosphorus
-nitrogen

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13
Q

What types of lipids are there?

A

-fatty acids
-triglycerides
-cholestrols
-phospholipids

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14
Q

What are the main functions of lipids?

A

-energy storage
-insulation
-protection
-cell membranes
-steroid hormones
-bile
-local acting hormones

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15
Q

What units are dietary energy measured in?

A

-kilojoules (Kj, SI unit)
-kilocalories (Kcal)

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16
Q

What factors does different energy requirements depend on?

A

-age
-growth and development
-activity
-gender
-pregnancy/ lactation

17
Q

How is formula milk different from cows milk?

A

its a specially modified cows milk:
-less protein
-less saturated fats and increased unsaturated fat
-less sodium and calcium
-more lactose
-more micronutrients

18
Q

What is weaning?

A

the process of introducing solid foods to babies, happens around 6 months as nutrient stores will fall if continue to be exclusively breast fed

19
Q

What’s the formula for body mass index?

A

weight (kg) divided by height (m)

20
Q

What are the possible nutrient deficiencies with vegetarianism?

A

-iron deficiency anaemia
-energy
-calcium and other minerals
-vitamin B12 and D

21
Q

What are the possible benefits of vegetarianism?

A

-increased intake of dietary fibre
-increased intake of fruit and veg
-reduced intake of saturated fat

22
Q

What are the 2 sources of cholesterol in the body?

A
  1. some are present in foods
  2. most synthesised by liver cells
23
Q

What are the 2 ways that fatty foods with no cholesterol can still increase blood cholesterol?

A
  1. an increase in dietary fat stimulates reabsorption of cholesterol containing bile back into the blood, therefore less cholesterol is lost in faeces
  2. when saturated fats are broken down in the body, liver cells use some of the breakdown products to make cholesterol
24
Q

What does a lipid profile measure?

A

-total cholesterol (TC)
-HDL cholesterol
-VLDL’s

25
Q

What increases the risk of Coronary Artery Disease?

A

Total cholesterol

26
Q

What treatments are there for reducing blood cholesterol?

A

-diet modifications
-exercise
-drugs e.g statins

27
Q

What is metabolism?

A

-refers to all chemical reactions in the body
-an energy balancing act between anabolic and catabolic reactions

28
Q

What are anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

Anabolic= reactions that combine simple substances into more complex molecules

Catabolic= reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones

29
Q

What are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

30
Q

What is the role of ATP in linking anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

-in anabolic reactions energy is transferred from ATP to complex molecules (glycogen, proteins, triglycerides), releasing heat

-in catabolic reactions energy is transferred from the complex molecules to ATP forming simple molecules (glucose, amino acids, glycerol), releasing heat

31
Q

how are carbohydrates metabolised?

A

-during digestion disaccharides are converted to glucose
-some glucose is catabolised by cells to produce ATP
-excess glucose is stored by the liver as glycogen

32
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

the catabolism of glucose to produce ATP, involving glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

33
Q

How are lipids metabolised?

A

-muscle, liver and adipose cells catabolize fatty acids from triglycerides to produce ATP, through lipolysis

34
Q

How are proteins metabolised?

A

-during digestion, proteins are broken down into amino acids
-these are then oxidised to produce ATP or use to make new proteins for growth and repair
-excess amino acids are converted into glucose or triglycerides

35
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

-enzymes
-transportation
-antibodies
-clotting factors
-hormones
-actin and myosin in muscles
-structural body components