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Anatomy > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system -

A

receives information/stimuli form internal and external environment and responses are carried out by the effectors, muscles and glands, via the motor and endocrine system.

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2
Q

Components of system

A

Neurons, brain spinal cord

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3
Q

Central vs. Peripheral

A

c = brain + spinal cord
p = nerves + neurons

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4
Q

3 parts of the system:

A

1) receives info (sensory function)

2) responses (motor function)

3) coordinating the two (integration)

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5
Q

Brain is the…

A

center/ info processing center

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6
Q

Spinal cord is made up of…

A

nervous tissue
+
grey and white matter

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7
Q

Spinal cord contains…

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

The spinal cord extends from…

A

medulla oblongata (T12-L3)
//
foramen magnum to conus medullaris

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9
Q

Parts of the brain (3)

A

Cerebrum

cerebellum

brainstem

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10
Q

Parts of the cerebrum (4)

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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11
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Problem solving/ Reasoning

Voluntary motor activity

speaking

emotional traits

(Brocca’s area)

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12
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Right or left

Body orientation

Reading

Sensation

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13
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Understands language / hearing

Memory

Behaviour

(Wernicke’s area)

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14
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

colour perception

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15
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance

coordination and control of voluntary movement

Fine muscle control

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16
Q

Brain stem

A

Breathing

body temp

digestion + swallowing

alertness/sleep

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17
Q

Spinal cord length

A

43-45cm

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18
Q

Spinal cord function

A

receives signal from the brain + translates these signals to motor and autonomic function

can also send sensory signals to the brain (touch/pressure/tempt)

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19
Q

The spinal cord can act…

A

independently of the brain in cases of motor reflexes

20
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

consists of somatic and autonomic nerves

21
Q

Somatic nerves

A

related to movement

has responses via skeletal muscles

22
Q

Autonomic nerves

A

related to internal organs

divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

has responses via glands + smooth and cardiac muscle

23
Q

Neuron structure (9)

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath
node of Ranvier
Axon terminals

24
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent) - receives info from stimuli, passes info to brain and spinal cord

Interneuron - situated in the brain and spinal cord

Motor neurons (efferent) - receives info from interneurons, passes on to effectors

25
Q

Length of neurons depends on where they’re found in the body

A

Sensory - short axon, cell body on the side, no dendrites

Interneuron - cell body is in the middle

Motor neuron - long axon, many dendrons

26
Q

Neurons respond by…

A

producing electrical signal leading to an action potential

27
Q

Action potential

A

the voltage inside the cell membrane has to go above the resting potential (-70mv)

Threshold has to be reached due to voltage sensitive sodium ion channels (all or nothing principle)

Induces releases of neurotransmitters across a synapse

28
Q

Feature of action potential

A

re-excitability cannot occur until resting potential is restores (why there is hyper-depolarisation)

29
Q

Nerves are…

A

long distance pathways that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

30
Q

The simplest nerve pathways are

A

reflexes where sensory and motor neurons induce automatic responses (hand to fire)

31
Q

Hand to fire/ reflex

A

Stimuli - receptor - sensory - synapse - spinal cord - interneuron - motor - effector

32
Q

Axon

A

a long projection of a nerve cell or neuron, in vertebrates, that conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body

33
Q

Dendrite

A

Specialised projections on neurons that bring information to the cell body

34
Q

Action potential

A

A rapid rise and subsequent fall in membrane potential tax occurs when a neuron send Information down an axon.

35
Q

Threshold

A

The membrane voltage that must be reached in an excitable cell (e.g., neuron or muscle cell) during a depolarization in order to generate an action potential. Usually-50 to-40 mV in most excitable cells

36
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

The gaps formed between the myelin sheath where the axons are left uncovered. This allows the generation of a fast electrical impulse along the axon.

37
Q

Mylein sheath

A

made up of oligodendrocytes in the brain, rest of the body = Schwann cells

38
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

The body’s chemical messengers released by neurons (nerve cells) to stimulate neighboring neurons or muscle or gland cells, thus allowing impulses to be passed from one cell to the next throughout the nervous system

39
Q

Somatic nerves

A

Any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells.

40
Q

Autonomic nerves

A

Nerve cells

41
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

A part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate heart rate, vasoconstriction and hypertension

42
Q

Parasympathetic

A

involuntary nervous system, slows heart rate, vasodilation and hypotension, increases intestinal and glandular activity, relaxes sphincter muscles

43
Q

Concussion

A

A traumatic brain injury that is usually caused by a blow to the head that affects brain function. Effects are usually temporary but can include headaches and problems with concentration, memory, balance and coordination.

44
Q

Meningitis

A

An inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges)

44
Q

Paralysis

A

The loss of muscle function in part of your body

45
Q
A

Anatomy (5 decks)

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