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anatomy and physiology > the nervous system > Flashcards

the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three functions of the nervous system

A

(1)- Sensory input It uses its millions of sensory receptors to monitor
changes occurring both inside and outside the body. These changes are called stimuli, and the gathered information is called sensory input. (2)- Integration It processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment.
(3)- Motor output It then causes a response, or effect, by activating muscles or glands (effectors) via motor output.

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2
Q

is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary- skeletal muscles

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3
Q

is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary- cardiac/smooth muscle and glands

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4
Q

what are the supporting cells

A

astrocytes
microglia
ependymal
oligodendrocytes

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5
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes

A

abundant star-shaped cells
that account for nearly half of neural tissue
Their numerous projections that cling to neurons, bracing them and anchoring them to their nutrient supply lines, the blood capillaries. Astrocytes form a living barrier between capillaries and neurons, help determine capillary permeability
play a role in making exchanges between the two.
they help protect the neurons from harmful substances that might be in the blood.
Astrocytes also help control the chemical environment in the brain by “mopping up” leaked potassium
ions, which are involved in generating a nerve impulse, and recapturing chemicals released for communication purposes.

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6
Q

what are the functions of microglia

A

spiderlike phagocytes that monitor the health of nearby neurons
and dispose of debris, such as dead brain cells
and bacteria

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7
Q

what are the functions of ependymal

A

neuroglia that line the central cavities of the brain and the spinal cord (Figure 7.3c). They participate in the
production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the
beating of their cilia helps to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and forms
a protective watery cushion around the CNS.

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8
Q

what are the functions of oligodendrocytes

A

neuroglia that wrap their flat extensions (processes)
tightly around CNS nerve fibers, producing fatty
insulating coverings called myelin sheaths

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9
Q

what is the function of dendrites

A

convey incoming messages (electrical signals) toward the cell body

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10
Q

what is the function of axons

A

those that generate nerve impulses and typically conduct them away from the cell body

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11
Q

what is the function of axon terminals

A

contain hundreds of tiny vesicles or membranous sacs with neurotransmitters

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12
Q

what is the function of myelin sheaths

A

myelin protects and insulates the fibers and increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission

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13
Q

what are ganglia

A

small collections of cell bodies that are found outside the CNS and in the PNS

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14
Q

what does white matter consist of

A

white matter consists of dense collections of myelinated fibers (tract)

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15
Q

what does gray matter consist of

A

gray matter consists of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

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16
Q

what is the function of the gray matter

A
  • Localizes and interprets sensory inputs
  • Controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity
  • Acts in intellectual and emotional processing
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17
Q

what is the function of the basal nuclei

A

Subcortical motor centers help control skeletal muscle movements

18
Q

what are the 3 main parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
limbic system- a functional system

19
Q

what are the functions of the thalamus

A

Relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
* Relays impulses between cerebral motor cortex and lower motor centers
* Involved in memor

20
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus

A

Chief integration center of autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
* Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst
* Regulates hormonal output of anterior pituitary gland and acts as an endocrine organ ­(producing
ADH and oxytocin)

21
Q

what are the functions of the limbic system

A

Includes cerebral and diencephalon structures (e.g., hypothalamus and anterior thalamic ­nuclei)
* Mediates emotional response; involved in memory processing

22
Q

what are the main parts of the brain stem

A

pons
midbrain
medulla oblongata

23
Q

what are the functions of the midbrain

A

Contains visual and auditory reflex centers
* Contains subcortical motor centers
* Contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV; contains projection fibers (e.g., fibers of the
pyramidal tracts)

24
Q

what are the functions of the pons

A

Relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
* Cooperates with the medullary centers to control respiratory rate and depth
* Contains nuclei of cranial nerves V–VII; contains projection fibers

25
Q

what are the functions of the medulla oblongata

A

Relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors
* Contains nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, etc.
* Relays sensory information to the cerebellum
* Contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII–XII; contains projection fibers

26
Q

what are the functions of the reticular formation

A

Maintains cerebral cortical alertness; filters out repetitive stimuli
* Helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity

27
Q

what are the functions of the cerebellum

A

Processes information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors, and visual and equilibrium
pathways
* Provides “instructions” to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers, resulting in
smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements
* Responsible for proper balance and posture

28
Q

what are reflexes

A

reflexes are rapid, predictable and involuntary responses to stimuli

29
Q

give the function of the olfactory cranial nerve
(say whether it is sensory/motor/both)

A

Purely sensory; carries
impulses for the sense of
smell

30
Q

give the function of the optic cranial nerve

A

Purely sensory; carries
impulses for vision

31
Q

give the function of the oculomotor cranial nerve

A

Purely motor; supplies motor
fibers to four of the six
muscles (superior, inferior,
and medial rectus, and
inferior oblique) that direct
the eyeball; to the eyelid; and
to the internal eye muscles
controlling lens shape and
pupil size

32
Q

give the function of the trochlear cranial nerve

A

Purely motor; supplies
motor fibers for one
external eye muscle (superior
oblique)

33
Q

give the function of the Trigeminal cranial nerve

A

Mixed nerve; conducts
sensory impulses from the
skin of the face and mucosa
of the nose, mouth, and
corneas; also contains motor
fibers that activate the
chewing muscles

34
Q

give the function of the Abducens cranial nerve

A

Purely motor; supplies motor
fibers to the lateral rectus
muscle, which rolls the eye
laterally

35
Q

give the function of the facial cranial nerve

A

Mixed nerve; activates the
muscles of facial expression
and the lacrimal and salivary
glands; carries sensory
impulses from the taste
buds of anterior tongue

36
Q

give the function of the vestibularcoclear cranial nerve

A

Mixed nerve; vestibular
branch transmits impulses for
the sense of balance, and
cochlear branch transmits
impulses for the sense
of hearing; small motor
component adjusts sensitivity
of sensory receptors

37
Q

give the function of the Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve

A

Mixed nerve; supplies motor
fibers to the pharynx (throat)
that promote swallowing and
saliva production; carries
sensory impulses from taste
buds of the posterior tongue
and from chemical and
pressure receptors of the
carotid artery

38
Q

give the function of the vagus cranial nerve

A

Mixed nerve; fibers carry
sensory impulses from and
motor impulses to the
pharynx, larynx, and the
abdominal and thoracic
viscera; most motor fibers are
parasympathetic fibers that
promote digestive activity
and help regulate heart
activity

39
Q

give the function of the accessory cranial nerve

A

Purely motor fibers activate
the sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles

40
Q

give the function of the hypoglossal cranial nerve

A

Purely motor fibers control
tongue movements

anatomy and physiology (9 decks)

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