Chapter 4- the integumentary system

Question 1

what is another name for the skin

Answer 1

cutaneous membrane

Question 2

how many layers of the cutaneous membrane are there

Answer 2

epidermis
dermis

Question 3

what type of tissue is the epidermis made up of

Answer 3

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

what type of tissue is the dermis made up of

Answer 4

dense irregular tissue
loose connective tissue

Question 5

where are mucous membranes found in the body

Answer 5

This membrane type lines all body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts

Question 6

what are serous membranes

Answer 6

A serous membrane, or serosa, is composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.
● Serous membranes line compartments in the ventral body cavity that are closed to the exterior.

Question 7

what are the two types of serous membranes

Answer 7

Visceral and parietal

Question 8

where do the visceral membranes lie in the body

Answer 8

visceral layer, which covers the outside of the
organ in that cavity.

Question 9

what is the name of the fluid between the visceral and parietal membrane and what is its function

Answer 9

Serous fluid
● The serous fluid allows the organs to slide easily across the cavity walls and
one another without friction or pain as they carry out their routine functions.

The serousa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs is the peritoneum.
● In the thorax, serous membranes isolate the lungs and
the heart from one another.

Question 10

what are the names of the membranes surrounding the lungs

Answer 10

pleurae

Question 11

what are the names of the membranes surrounding the heart

Answer 11

pericardia

Question 12

what kind of tissue are synovial membranes composed of

Answer 12

Synovial membranes are composed of loose areolar
connective tissue and contain no epithelial cells at all.

Question 13

what are the functions of the integumentary system

Answer 13

It insulates and cushions the deeper body organs and protects the entire body from mechanical damage (bumps and cuts), chemical damage (such as from acids and bases), thermal damage (heat and cold), ultraviolet (UV) radiation (in sunlight), and microbes
● The uppermost layer of the skin is hardened, to help prevent water loss from the body surface.
● The skin’s rich capillary network and sweat glands (both controlled by the nervous system) play an important role in regulating heat loss from the body surface.
● The skin acts as a mini-excretory system; urea, salts, and water are lost when we sweat.
● The skin is also a chemical plant; it manufactures several proteins important to immunity and synthesises vitamin D. (Modified cholesterol molecules in the skin are converted to vitamin D by sunlight.)
● The skin also produces acidic secretions, called the acid mantle, that protect against bacterial invasion.

Question 14

give another name for the hypodermis and explain its function in the skin

Answer 14

AKA subcutaneous tissue

The hypodermis is not considered part of the skin but it does anchor the skin to underlying organs and provides a site for nutrient storage.
● Subcutaneous tissue serves as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper
tissues from extreme temperature changes occurring outside the body.

Question 15

what cells in the epidermis are the most

Answer 15

keratinocytes (keratin cells)

Question 16

what do keratinocytes (keratin cells) produce

Answer 16

keratin

Question 17

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis

Answer 17

The epidermis is composed of up to five layers, or strata:
○ Stratum Corneum
○ Stratum Lucidum
○ Stratum Granulosum
○ Stratum Spinosum
○ Stratum Basale

Question 18

which layer of the skin is only found in thick skin

Answer 18

stratum lucidum

Question 19

what are the two layers of the dermis

Answer 19

papillary
reticular

Question 20

what kind of tissue does the papillary and reticular layers have

Answer 20

The papillary and reticular areas are composed of areolar and dense irregular
connective tissue

Question 21

what are the three pigments that contribute to skin colour

Answer 21

◆ Melanin
◆ carotene
◆ hemoglobin.

Question 22

in what layers of the skin can the pigment carotene be found

Answer 22

Carotene- The amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue.

Question 23

how do emotions influence skin colour

Answer 23

Redness, or erythema- Reddened skin may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.

Pallor, or blanching- Under certain types of emotional stress (fear, anger, and others), some people become pale. Pale skin may also signify anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area.

Jaundice- or a yellow cast. An abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments accumulate in the blood, circulate throughout the body, and become deposited in body tissues.

Bruises- The black-and-blue marks of bruising reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces. Such clotted blood masses are called hematomas. An unusual tendency to bruise may signify a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet or hemophilia (bleeder’s disease).

Question 24

what are the two types of cutaneous glands

Answer 24

sebaceous glands
sweat glands.

Question 25

what are the two types of sweat glands

Answer 25

There are two types of sweat glands
○ Eccrine
○ Apocrine

Question 26

what are the functions of eccrine glands

Answer 26

The eccrine glands are far more numerous and are found all over the body.
They produce sweat, a clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts (sodium chloride), vitamin C, traces of metabolic wastes (ammonia, urea, uric acid), and lactic acid (a chemical that accumulates during vigorous muscle activity).

Question 27

what are the functions of apocrine glands

Answer 27

Apocrine glands are largely confined to the axillary (armpit) and genital areas of the body.
● They are usually larger than eccrine glands, and their ducts empty into hair follicles.
● Their secretion contains fatty acids and proteins in addition to all the substances present in eccrine sweat; consequently, it may have a milky or yellowish colour.

Question 28

what are the functions of hair

Answer 28

Hair serves a few minor protective functions, such as guarding the head against bumps, shielding the eyes (via eyelashes), and helping to keep foreign particles out of the respiratory tract (via nose hairs).

Question 29

what is athletes foot

Answer 29

An itchy, red, peeling condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from an infection with the fungus Tinea pedis.

Question 30

what are boils

Answer 30

● Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles. Boils are caused by inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding tissues, commonly on the dorsal neck. Carbuncles are clusters of boils often caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.

Question 31

what are cold sores

Answer 31

● Cold sores (fever blisters)- Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting, caused by human herpesvirus 1 infection. The virus localizes in a cutaneous nerve, where it remains dormant until activated by emotional upset, fever, or UV radiation. Cold sores usually occur around the lips and in the mucosa of the mouth and nose.

Question 32

what are contact dermatitis

Answer 32

● Contact dermatitis- Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin, progressing to blistering. It is caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals (such as those in poison ivy) that provoke allergic responses in sensitive individuals.

Question 33

what are impetigo

Answer 33

● Impetigo- Pink, fluid-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture and weep fluid. Caused by highly contagious staphylococcus or streptococcus infections, impetigo is common in elementary school–aged children.

Question 34

what are psoriasis

Answer 34

● Psoriasis- Characterized by reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, and sometimes bleed. A chronic condition, psoriasis is believed to be an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks a person’s own tissues, leading to the rapid overproduction of skin cells. Attacks are often triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress. When severe, psoriasis may be disfiguring

Question 35

what is a first degree burn

Answer 35

Only the superficial epidermis is damaged.
● The area becomes red and swollen.
● first-degree burns are not usually serious and generally heal in two to three
days. Sunburn without blistering is a first-degree burn.

Question 36

what is a second degree burn

Answer 36

Second-degree burns involve injury to the epidermis and the superficial part of the dermis.
● The skin is red, painful, and blistered.
● Because sufficient numbers of epithelial cells are still present, regrowth
(regeneration) of the epithelium can occur.
● No permanent scars result if care is taken to prevent infection.

Question 37

what is a third degree burn

Answer 37

Third-degree burns destroy both the epidermis and the dermis and often extend into the subcutaneous tissue, reflecting their categorization as full thickness burns. Blisters are usually present, and the burned area appears blanched (gray white) or blackened.
● Because the nerve endings in the area are destroyed, the burned area is not painful. In third-degree burns, regeneration is not possible, and skin grafting must be done to cover the underlying exposed tissues

Question 38

what is a fourth degree burn

Answer 38

Fourth-degree burns are also full-thickness burns, but they extend into deeper tissues such as bone, muscle, or tendons.
● These burns appear dry and leathery, and they require surgery and grafting to cover exposed tissue.
● In severe cases, amputation may be required to save the patient’s life.