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anatomy and physiology > Chapter 1- Human Body Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Human Body Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subtopics of Anatomy?

A

○ Gross anatomy- the study of large body structures such as the heart or the bones. Large, easily observable structures.

○ Microscopic anatomy- the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with a naked eye. The cells and tissues can only be seen under a microscope.

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2
Q

Name the 7 levels of organisation of the human body.

A

Atoms-> Molecules-> Cells-> Tissues-> Organs-> Organ system-> Organism

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3
Q

What is the functions of the integumentary system

A

It protects the deeper tissues underneath the skin from injury
● With the help of sunlight, it produces vitamin D
● It also excretes salt in perspiration and helps regulate the body temperature
● Protects internal organs from drying out (which would be fatal), from
pathogens and from damaging effects of heat and sunlight, and an unbelievable number of chemical substances in the external environment.
● The skin protects the body from mechanical trauma, pathogens, and environmental damage.
● The skin maintains a stable internal body temperature through negative feedback loops.
● The skin has sensory receptors that detect internal and external environmental change such as heat, cold, and/or pain
● The skin excretes waste and impurities via sweat.

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4
Q

What is the functions of the Skeletal system

A

It supports the body and provides a framework that skeletal muscles use to
cause movement
● Protective functions eg the skull protects the brain
● The hard substance of bones acts as a storehouse for minerals
● Blood cells are formed within bones.

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5
Q

What is the functions of the muscular system

A

Contract or shorten- when the muscles contract you are able to stand, walk, jump, grasp, smile etc
● Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat.
●moves the skeleton

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6
Q

What is the functions of the nervous system

A

Respond to stimuli coming from outside of the body
interprets sensory information
regulates body functions such as movement by means of electrochemical impulses

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7
Q

What is the functions of the endocrine system

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction and nutrient use by body cells.
regulates day to day metabolism by means of hormones

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8
Q

What is the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Using blood as a carrier the cardiovascular system delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other substances to cells in the body. It also removes waste such as carbon dioxide from cells near sites of exchange.
The heart propels blood out of its chambers into blood vessels to be transported to all body tissue.

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9
Q

What is the functions of the lymphatic system

A

When fluid is leaked into tissues from the blood, lymphatic vessels return it to the bloodstream so that there is enough blood to continuously circulate through the body.
destroys pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity.

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10
Q

What is the functions of the respiratory system

A

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood

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11
Q

What is the functions of the digestive system

A

the digestive system breaks down food and delivers the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells.

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12
Q

What is the functions of the urinary system

A

The urinary system removes the nitrogen containing waste products from the blood and flushes them from the body in the form of urine. Removes waste products from the blood
regulates volume and pH of the blood and tissue fluid.

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13
Q

What is the functions of the reproductive system

A

The role of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. produces eggs or sperm.

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14
Q

List the 8 functions that humans must perform to maintain life. (Necessary life functions)

A
  1. Maintaining of boundaries- Every organism needs to be able to maintain its boundaries so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside”. example the skin/integumentary system.
  2. Movement- Movement includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system such as walking or swimming. movement also occurs when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, air and urine
  3. Responsiveness- Ability to sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and then react to stimuli
  4. Digestion- Digestion is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood
  5. Metabolism- All chemical reactions occurring in the body.
  6. Excretion- Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys.
  7. Reproduction- Provides new cells for growth and repair at a cellular level. Reproduction of the human is when sperm is fused with an ova to form a fertilised egg that can grow and develop into a baby in the mothers uterus.
  8. Growth- Growth can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.
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15
Q

List the 5 survival needs of the human body

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Atmospheric pressure
  3. Water
  4. Oxygen
  5. Appropriate body temperature
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16
Q

How is the anatomical position described

A

In anatomical position the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. The Body is standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width

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17
Q

why do anatomists use directional terms

A

Directional terms allow medical people and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another body structure.

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18
Q

Anterior (or ventral)

A

Front of, describes direction towards the front of the body

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19
Q

Posterior (or dorsal)

A

Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.

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20
Q

Superior (or cranial)

A

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body. Towards the head end or upper part of the body.

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21
Q

Inferior (or caudal)

A

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body

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22
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of

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23
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body, on the inner side

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24
Q

Proximal

A

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

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25
Q

Distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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26
Q

Superficial (external)

A

describes a position closer to the surface of the body. Towards or at the body surface.

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27
Q

Deep (internal)

A

describes a position farther from the surface of the body.

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28
Q

Abdominal

A

anterior body trunk inferior to ribs/abdomen

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29
Q

Acromial

A

point of shoulder

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30
Q

Antebrachial

A

anterior surface of elbow
Back of the elbow (AB)

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31
Q

Antecubital

A

anterior surface of elbow
Front of the elbow (AC)

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32
Q

Axillary

A

armpit

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33
Q

Brachial

A

arm

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34
Q

Buccal

A

cheek area

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35
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

36
Q

Cervical

A

neck region

37
Q

Coxal

A

hip

38
Q

Crural

A

anterior leg, the shin

39
Q

Deltoid

A

curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle

40
Q

Digital

A

fingers, toes

41
Q

Femoral

A

thigh (applies to both anterior and posterior)

42
Q

Fibular

A

lateral part of leg

43
Q

Frontal

A

forehead

44
Q

Inguinal

A

area where thigh meets body trunk, groin

45
Q

Mental

A

chin

46
Q

Nasal

A

nose area

47
Q

Oral

A

mouth

48
Q

Orbital

A

eye area

49
Q

Patellar

A

anterior knee
front of the knee

50
Q

Pectoral

A

relating to, or occurring in or on the chest

51
Q

Pelvic

A

area overlying the pelvis anteriorly

52
Q

Pubic

A

genital region

53
Q

Sternal

A

breastbone area

54
Q

Tarsal

A

ankle region

55
Q

Thoracic

A

area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages, chest.

56
Q

umbilical

A

navel

57
Q

Calcaneal

A

heel of foot

58
Q

Cephalic

A

head

59
Q

Femoral

A

thigh

60
Q

Gluteal

A

buttock

61
Q

Lumbar

A

area of back between ribs and hips, the loin

62
Q

Occipital

A

posterior surface of head or base of skull

63
Q

Olecranal

A

posterior surface of elbow

64
Q

Popliteal

A

posterior knee area

65
Q

Sacral

A

area between hips at base of spine

66
Q

Scapular

A

shoulder blade region

67
Q

Vertebral

A

area of spinal column

68
Q

Plantar

A

the sole of the foot, on the inferior body surface.

69
Q

The sagittal plane

A

Right and left sides

70
Q

Divides the body between Right and left sides

A

The sagittal plane

71
Q

The frontal plane

A

anterior and posterior

72
Q

Divides the body into anterior and posterior

A

The frontal plane

73
Q

Transverse

A

Superior and Inferior

74
Q

Divides the body into Superior and Inferior

A

Transverse

75
Q

What are the two types of body cavities

A

Ventral and Dorsal body cavity

76
Q

What cavities does the ventral contain

A

Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

77
Q

What cavities does the Dorsal contain

A

Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity

78
Q

What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants

A

right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ) and Left lower quadrant (LLQ).

79
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions

A

umbilical region, right hypochondriac, right lumbar region, right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, left iliac region (inguinal)

80
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The word homeostasis describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.

81
Q

What are the 3 components of homeostatic control systems

A

Receptor
Effector
control center

82
Q

What is a negative feedback mechanism

A

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative because the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to either shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.

83
Q

What is a positive feedback mechanism

A

Positive feedback mechanisms are rare in the body because they tend to increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value.

84
Q

What are Examples of positive feedback mechanisms

A

Blood-clotting
The birth of a child

85
Q

What are Examples of negative feedback mechanisms

A

Regulate heart rate
Blood pressure
Breathing rate
The release of hormones and blood
glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide and
minerals
Heat regulation centre located in the
hypothalamus

86
Q

Why is homeostasis Important

A

Homeostasis is so important that most disease can be regarded as being the result of its disturbance, a condition called homeostatic imbalance. Homeostatic imbalance leads to illness.

anatomy and physiology (9 decks)

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