Chapter 1- Human Body Orientation Flashcards
What are the two subtopics of Anatomy?
○ Gross anatomy- the study of large body structures such as the heart or the bones. Large, easily observable structures.
○ Microscopic anatomy- the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with a naked eye. The cells and tissues can only be seen under a microscope.
Name the 7 levels of organisation of the human body.
Atoms-> Molecules-> Cells-> Tissues-> Organs-> Organ system-> Organism
What is the functions of the integumentary system
It protects the deeper tissues underneath the skin from injury
● With the help of sunlight, it produces vitamin D
● It also excretes salt in perspiration and helps regulate the body temperature
● Protects internal organs from drying out (which would be fatal), from
pathogens and from damaging effects of heat and sunlight, and an unbelievable number of chemical substances in the external environment.
● The skin protects the body from mechanical trauma, pathogens, and environmental damage.
● The skin maintains a stable internal body temperature through negative feedback loops.
● The skin has sensory receptors that detect internal and external environmental change such as heat, cold, and/or pain
● The skin excretes waste and impurities via sweat.
What is the functions of the Skeletal system
It supports the body and provides a framework that skeletal muscles use to
cause movement
● Protective functions eg the skull protects the brain
● The hard substance of bones acts as a storehouse for minerals
● Blood cells are formed within bones.
What is the functions of the muscular system
Contract or shorten- when the muscles contract you are able to stand, walk, jump, grasp, smile etc
● Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat.
●moves the skeleton
What is the functions of the nervous system
Respond to stimuli coming from outside of the body
interprets sensory information
regulates body functions such as movement by means of electrochemical impulses
What is the functions of the endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction and nutrient use by body cells.
regulates day to day metabolism by means of hormones
What is the functions of the cardiovascular system
Using blood as a carrier the cardiovascular system delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other substances to cells in the body. It also removes waste such as carbon dioxide from cells near sites of exchange.
The heart propels blood out of its chambers into blood vessels to be transported to all body tissue.
What is the functions of the lymphatic system
When fluid is leaked into tissues from the blood, lymphatic vessels return it to the bloodstream so that there is enough blood to continuously circulate through the body.
destroys pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity.
What is the functions of the respiratory system
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
What is the functions of the digestive system
the digestive system breaks down food and delivers the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells.
What is the functions of the urinary system
The urinary system removes the nitrogen containing waste products from the blood and flushes them from the body in the form of urine. Removes waste products from the blood
regulates volume and pH of the blood and tissue fluid.
What is the functions of the reproductive system
The role of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. produces eggs or sperm.
List the 8 functions that humans must perform to maintain life. (Necessary life functions)
- Maintaining of boundaries- Every organism needs to be able to maintain its boundaries so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside”. example the skin/integumentary system.
- Movement- Movement includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system such as walking or swimming. movement also occurs when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, air and urine
- Responsiveness- Ability to sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and then react to stimuli
- Digestion- Digestion is the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood
- Metabolism- All chemical reactions occurring in the body.
- Excretion- Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys.
- Reproduction- Provides new cells for growth and repair at a cellular level. Reproduction of the human is when sperm is fused with an ova to form a fertilised egg that can grow and develop into a baby in the mothers uterus.
- Growth- Growth can be an increase in cell size or an increase in body size that is usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells.
List the 5 survival needs of the human body
- Nutrients
- Atmospheric pressure
- Water
- Oxygen
- Appropriate body temperature
How is the anatomical position described
In anatomical position the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. The Body is standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width
why do anatomists use directional terms
Directional terms allow medical people and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another body structure.
Anterior (or ventral)
Front of, describes direction towards the front of the body
Posterior (or dorsal)
Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.
Superior (or cranial)
describes a position above or higher than another part of the body. Towards the head end or upper part of the body.
Inferior (or caudal)
describes a position below or lower than another part of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of
Medial
Toward the midline of the body, on the inner side
Proximal
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
