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anatomy and physiology > the digestive system > Flashcards

the digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the digestive functions of the alimentary canal

A

ingests- takes in food
digests- breaks down food chemically and physically
absorption- movement of nutrients into the bloodstream
defaecation- rids the body of indigestible waste

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2
Q

what are the organs of the alimentary canal

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus

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3
Q

What is the first part of the digestive tract

A

the mouth

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4
Q

How does Mechanical digestion happen?

A

Mechanical digestion happens when you tear and chew food with your teeth.

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5
Q

How does Chemical Digestion happen?

A

Chemical Digestion happens when saliva in your mouth and gastric juice in your stomach break down your food.

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6
Q

what is gastric juice

A

it is fluid produced by secretions of the gastric glands, characterised by extreme acidity and pepsin, which is a protein digesting enzyme.

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7
Q

what is gastrin

A

a hormone that stimulates gastric secretion, especially release of hydrochloric acid.

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8
Q

What is the process of Peristalsis?

A

The process of pushing food through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxing of muscles.

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9
Q

What makes sure that the food goes into your stomach and not into your lungs?

A

Epiglottis (flap of skin)

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10
Q

what is bile

A

bile is a yellow or brownish fluid produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine.

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11
Q

what are the functions of the stomach

A

receive food from the esophagus mix food with gastric juice
start the process of protein digestion
move food into the small intestine

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12
Q

what are the functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion: the entry of food into the alimentary canal
through the mouth.
❖Propulsion: the movement of food through the digestive
tract either voluntarily (swallowing) or involuntarily
(peristalsis).
❖Mechanical Digestion
Physical breakdown of food in preparation for chemical
digestion and includes chewing, mixing, and churning
❖Digestion: Enzymes breakdown complex food molecules
into simpler building blocks (nutrients)
❖Absorption: Passage of nutrients into the bloodstream.
❖Defecation: undigested materials are removed from the
body as faeces.

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13
Q

what is the superior esophageal sphincter

A

between pharynx and
esophagus
* Skeletal muscle

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14
Q

what is the Inferior esophageal sphincter

A

between esophagus and
stomach
* smooth muscle
* Also called cardiac sphincter

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15
Q

what are the five regions of the stomach

A

Cardia
– Fundus
– Body
– Pylorus
– Pyloric sphincter

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16
Q

what are the three regions of the small intestine

A

The duodenum
* The jejunum
* The ileum

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17
Q

what is the function of the large intestine

A

Absorbs excess water from the remaining undigested
material.
❖Watery material that first enters the large intestine
gradually solidifies and becomes feces.
❖Stores fecal material until the body is ready to
defecate.

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18
Q

what are the accessory organs

A

Teeth
* Tongue
* Salivary glands
* Liver
* Gallbladder
* Pancreas

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19
Q

what are the two types of teeth

A

deciduous teeth and permanent teeth

20 deciduous teeth,
also called “milk teeth,”
erupt between 6
months and 30 months
after birth.
These teeth are
eventually lost and
replaced by 32
permanent teeth.

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20
Q

what are the three types of teeth

A

Incisors: Front teeth
adapted for cutting

Canine: adapted for
tearing and piercing

Premolars/Molars:
back teeth adapted
for grinding

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21
Q

what are the functions of the tongue

A

Mastication
Manipulates and mixes food during
mastication
* Swallowing
Performs important functions in swallowing.
* Taste
* Speech

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22
Q

what are the three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid glands
* submandibular glands
* sublingual glands

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23
Q

what are the four lobes of the liver

A

Right lobe
➢Left lobe
➢Caudate lobe
➢Quadrate lobe

24
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A

❖Produce bile.
(bile is a greenish fluid that breaks down fats into
small droplets to assist in their chemical digestion)
❖Detoxify drugs, metabolites, and poisons.
❖Store excess nutrients and vitamins and release them
when they are needed.
❖Synthesize blood plasma proteins such as albumins,
globulins, and proteins required for blood clotting.
❖Help break down and recycle components of aged
and damaged erythrocytes .

25
Q

what is the main function of the gallbladder

A

Stores concentrate bile
until it is needed for
digestion

26
Q

what is the libia

A

the lips

27
Q

what is the uvula

A

a fleshy fingerlike projection of the soft palate, which dangles from the posterior edge of the soft palate

28
Q

what is the vestibule

A

the space that is between the lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and gums

29
Q

what are the functions of the mouth

A

mastication (chewing of food mixed with saliva)
the cheeks and lips hold food between the teeth during mastication
the tongue continuously mixes food with saliva and initiates swallowing
the breakdown of food begins in the mouth because of enzymes in the saliva.

30
Q

where is the tongue attached to

A

it is attached to the hyoid bone and the styloid processes of the skull

31
Q

where are the tonsils located and why are they important

A

the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils cover the base of the tongue just beyond. the tonsils are part of the body’s defence mechanism

32
Q

what is the name of the walls of the alimentary canal

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

33
Q

describe the mucosa layer of the alimentary canal

A

the mucosa is the innermost layer, that forms the lumen of the organ, it consists primarily of surface epithelium and a little of connective tissue (lamina propria) and scanty smooth muscle layer

34
Q

describe the submucosa layer of the alimentary canal

A

found just beneath the mucosa, it is a soft connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) , and lymphatic vessels

35
Q

describe the muscularis externa layer of the alimentary canal

A

the muscle layer is made up of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells

36
Q

describe the serosa layer of the alimentary canal

A

it is the outermost layer of the wall, half of a serous membrane pair, the viseral peritoneum consists of a single layer of flat, serous fluid- producing cells. the visceral peritonium is continuous with the slippery parietal peritonium, which lines the abdominalpelvic cavity. the mesentery is formed when two layers of peritonium are fused together. between the layers are lymphatic vessels, nerves and blood vessels. Mesenteries anchor digestive organs in place and store fat.

37
Q

what are the function of mesenteries

A

Mesenteries anchor digestive organs in place and store fat.

38
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

the oropharynx- posterior to the oral cavity
the larynopharynx- continuous with esophagus
the nasopharynx- which divides to form the oropharynx and larynopharynx. it is not part of the digestive system

39
Q

what are the functions of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

they are both common passages for foods, fluid and air

40
Q

What is the esophagus known as

A

gullet

41
Q

what are the two nerve plexes found in the alimentary canal

A

the submucosal nerve plexes
myenteric nerve plexes

42
Q

how does the hormone gastrin aid in digestion

A
  • Stimulates release of gastric juice
  • Stimulates stomach emptying
43
Q

how does the hormone Intestinal growth aid in digestion

A

Stimulates gastric secretion and emptying

44
Q

how does the hormone histamine aid in digestion

A

Activates parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid

45
Q

how does the hormone somatostatin aid in digestion

A
  • Inhibits secretion of gastric juice and pancreatic
    juice
  • Inhibits emptying of stomach and gallbladder
46
Q

how does the hormone secretin aid in digestion

A
  • Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in
    bicarbonate ions
  • Increases bile output by liver
  • Inhibits gastric mobility and gastric gland secretion
47
Q

how does the hormone cholecystokinin aid in digestion

A
  • Increases output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice
  • Stimulates gallbladder to expel stored bile
  • Relaxes sphincter of duodenal papilla to allow bile
    and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum
48
Q

how does the gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) aid in digestion

A
  • Inhibits secretion of gastric juice
  • Stimulates insulin release
49
Q

what are the functions of the circular folds in the body

A

it increases the surface area of the small intestine and forces chyme to travel slowly so nutrients can be absorbed efficiently.

50
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine

A

it major function is to dry out the indigestible food residue by absorbing water and to eliminate these residues from the body as feces.

51
Q

functions of the appendix

A

helps with our immune system
stores healthy types of gut bacteria

52
Q

what is the order of the colon

A

cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
anal canal

53
Q

what are the functions of the teeth

A

mastication- tearing and grinding food, breaking it into smaller pieces

54
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A
  • contains an enzyme called salivary amylase in a bicarbonate-rich alkaline juice that begins the process of starch digestion in the mouth.
  • saliva contains lysosomes and antibodies that inhibit bacteria
  • saliva dissolves food chemicals so that they can be tasted
  • saliva helps to moisten food and bind food together into bolus
55
Q

functions of the liver

A

metabolic and regulatory roles
produces bile

anatomy and physiology (9 decks)

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