The Nervous System Flashcards
Cerebrum
largest and most prominent part of the brain that contains 2 hemispheres with 5 lobes. Performs higher mental functions, interprets sensory stimuli, plans and initiates movement
5 lobes
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
grey matter
neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelineated axons
white matter
myelineated axons
gyri
elevated ridges on the convolutions of the surface of the brain
gyri
elevated ridges on the convolutions of the surface of the brain
sulci (sulcus)
shallow grooves on the surface of the brain
longitudinal fissure
deep groove along the mid sagittal plane of the brain and separates R and L hemispheres
Frontal Lobe
controls voluntary skeletal muscles, intellect, decision making, personality
Parietal Lobe
general sensation
Temporal Lobe
hearing and smell
Occipital Lobe
Vision
Insula
memory, taste, and integration of the activities of the other cerebral lobes. Located deep within the cerebrum
Corpus callosum
large, comma shaped, tract that connects the L and R Hemispheres
fornix
C shaped bundle of fibers that function in olfaction and as a component of the limbic system (learning, behavior, memory, emotion)
Diencephalon
processes, integrates, and relays information
maintains homeostasis
regulates biological rhythms
cerebellum
monitors and coordinates movement
Brainstem
maintains homeostasis
controls reflexes
monitors movement
integrates and relays information
Cerebral cortex
thin layer of gray matter contains: Sensory areas, motor areas, association areas
Primary motor cortex
located in pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe and controls voluntary movement
Frontal eye fields
superiorly located to Broca’s area and control the voluntary movements of eyes
premotor cortex
anterior to the pre-central gyrus in the frontal lobe involves planning movements
cerebral white matter
myelinated nerve fibers that transmit impulses between the cerebral cortex and the lower brain areas. 2nd region of the cerebrum
basal nuclei
clusters of gray matter embedded deep within cerebral white matter. 3rd region of the cerebrum. involved in regularing voluntary motor impulses
Thalmus
located within the diencephalon, egg shaped region that consists of 2 lobes connected by an intermediate mass. FUnctions as a sensory relay station for all senses except smell and sends them to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex to be interpreted.
hypothalmus
major homeostatic organ that regulates physiologic events, like hunger, thirst, body temp and blood pressure, extends from the optic chiasma. Deep to the fornix.
Pituitary gland
hangs from the infundibulum of the hypothalamus. An endocrine organ that secretes hormones
Epithalmus
superior to the thalamus, contains choroid plexus which creates CSF.
Pineal Gland
neuro endocrine organ that releases melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep/wake cycle.
optic chiasma
point at which the optic nerves cross over to the pea shaped mamillary bodies that serve as relay stations for the olfactory pathways
Brainstem
located inferior to the diecephalon, consists of the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.
Midbrain
superior portion of brainstem. Dorsal surface contains are 4 pea shaped nuclei called corpora quadragemina.
Corpora Quadrigemina
4 nuclei on the midbrain: 2 superior colliculi function as visual reflex centers, and 2 inferior colliculi function as auditory reflex centers
Pons
means bridge. links the cerebellum with the brainstem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cords.
Medulla Oblongata
most inferior region of the brain and is connected with the spinal cord. All communication tracts go thru here.
Cerebellum
“little brain” loated posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. divided into L and R and the Vermis connects the two hemispheres. Coordinates balance and posture and skeletal muscle activity.
Arbor Vitae
branching tree like pattern of white matter in the cerebellum
Meninges
3 connective tissue wrappings that surround the brain and spinal cord. Duramater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
Dura Mater
outermost and toughest layer of Meninges
arachnoid mater
middle of the meninges, forms a lose brain covering, has villi that protrude through the Dura mater providing a pathway for CSF to return to the blood stream.
Pia Mater
innermost layer of meninges. very delicate, richly vascular connective tissues, that clings tightly to the brain surface following its every convolution.
Olfactory Cranial Nerve
Cranial Nerve I: smell
Optic Cranial Nerve
Cranial Nerve II: vision
Occulomotor
Cranial Nerve III: Eye muscles
Trochlear
Cranial Nerve IV: superior oblique extrinsic eye muscle
Trigeminal
Cranial Nerve V: sensory from scalp, nasal cavity, face and mouth. Mastication muscles
Abducens
Cranial Nerve VI: lateral rectus extrinsic eye muscle
facial
Cranial Serve VII: facial, taste of 2/3 of tongue. muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, tear ducts
vestibulocochlear
cranial Nerve VIII: hearing and equilibrium
glossopharyngeal
Cranial Nerve IX: sensory and tase from posterior 1/3 of tongue. paryngeal muscle, paratoid salivary gland
vagus
Cranial Nerve X: visceral sensory organs from heart and abdomen, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, innervates smooth muscle of abdominal organs, heart, and GI Tract.
accessory
Cranial Nerve XI: trap and sternocleidomastoid muscle
hypoglossal
Cranial Nerve XII: intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.
epithalamus
covers the 3rd ventricle and houses the pineal gland
pineal gland
endocrine gland that produces melatonin and regulates circadian rhythms
thalamus
paired oval masses of gray matter. Intermediate mass separates the two halves. sensory input relay station
hypothalamus
endocrine president. Hunger, thirst, sleep-wake, emotional behavior
mamillary bodies
directions sensations related to olfaction
