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A&P 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter and its 3 forms

A

a substance that has mass and occupies space.

solid- bones
liquid- blood
gas- oxygen

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2
Q

atoms

A

the smallest particle that exhibits chemical properties of an element

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3
Q

elements

A

112 elements in the periodic table. Elements (92 occurring naturally) make up all things. Divided into Major, Minor, and trace elements.

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4
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose atoms

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5
Q

What two subatomic particles determine the mass of an atom

A

protons and neutrons

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6
Q

What two subatomic particles define the charge of an atom

A

electrons and protons

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7
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons. Isotopes of an element exhibit essentially identical chemical characteristics but have different atomic masses. e.g. Carbon12, carbon13, carbon14

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8
Q

radioisotopes

A

unstable forms of isotopes because their nuclei contain an excess # of neutrons. They are radioactive and release radiations as they decay into a more stable isotope.

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9
Q

Chemical compounds

A

stable associations between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio. Classified as either ionic compounds or or molecular compounds

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10
Q

Ionic Compounds

A

structures composed of ions that are held together in a lattice by electrostatic interactions called ionic bonds

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11
Q

Ion

A

an atom or a group of atoms with an electrical charge, either positive or negative

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12
Q

cations

A

atoms with positive charge

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13
Q

anions

A

ions with negative charge

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14
Q

Antebrachial

A

forearm

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15
Q

antecubital

A

front of elbow

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16
Q

auricular

A

visible surfaces of the ear

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17
Q

major elements

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorous

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18
Q

minor elements

A

sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron

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19
Q

valence shell

A

outer shell of an atom

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20
Q

chemical stability

A

when an atom has a complete outer shell they are relatively inert and exhibit low reactivity- they do not combine with other elements.

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21
Q

octet rule

A

the tendency for atoms to lose, gain, or share electrons to fill their outer shell and gain chemical stability

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22
Q

chemical compounds

A

stable associations between two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

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23
Q

ionic compounds

A

structures composed of ions that are held together in a lattice by electrostatic interactions called ionic bonds.

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24
Q

ion

A

an atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge, either positive or negative.

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25
Q

Types of bonds

A

Ionic: Transferringelectrons
Covalent: sharing electrons become molecules

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26
Q

Metabolism

A

chemical processes happening within the body

27
Q

Catabolic process

A

Tearing things down

28
Q

Anabolic process

A

Building things up

29
Q

Covalent bond

A

The sharing of electrons between atoms form a covalent bond. Covalently bonded atoms forms a molecule. Both atoms need electrons to be stable.

30
Q

Molecular formula

A

number and types of atoms forming molecules
e.g H2Co3 forms carbonic acid

31
Q

structural formula

A

the molecular formula (number and types of atoms) plus their spacial arrangement within the molecule.

32
Q

isomers

A

molecules composed of the same number and type of elements but arranged differently in space. e.g glucose, galactose, fructose

33
Q

Types of Covalent Bonds

A

single: sharing one pair of electrons
double: sharing two pairs of electrons
triple: sharing 3 pairs of electrons

34
Q

carbon skeleton

A

the arrangement of carbon atoms called the carbon backbone. 3 major arrangements: Straight, branched, ring

35
Q

electronegativity

A

how atoms share electrons determines the attraction the atom has for electrons

36
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

two atoms of the same type that share electrons equally. e.g two hydrogens

37
Q

polar covalent bond

A

Type of bond where electrons are shared unequally resulting in a negative charge on one end and a positive charge on the other end.

38
Q

non polar molecules

A

contain primarily nonpolar covalent bonds between atoms

39
Q

amphipathic molecules

A

molecules that contain polar and non polar components. e.g phospholipid

40
Q

intramolecular interactions

A

bonds, connections, etc that happen within a large molecule.

41
Q

Organic molecules

A

molecules that contain carbon andhydrogenwhich are or have been components of living organisms

42
Q

inorganic molecules

A

all other molecules that don’t have carbon. e.g water, acids, bases

43
Q

4 primary organic macromolecules

A

lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins

44
Q

water in the body functions in 4 ways

A
  1. transports
  2. lubricates
  3. cushions
  4. excretes waste
45
Q

cohesion

A

the attraction between water molecules

46
Q

surface tension

A

inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water

47
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between water molecules and substance other that water

48
Q

solvent

A

a liquid that dissolves solutes

49
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving polar molecules that dissolve within water

50
Q

electrolytes

A

subsstances that dissolve and dissociate in water can readily conduct an electric current

51
Q

buffer

A

a molecules or molecular compound that helps prevent pH changes if either acid or base or added

52
Q

mixtures

A

mixtures are formed from the combining or mixing of two different substances

53
Q

3 types of water mixtures

A

Suspension: mixture composed of particles that are larger than 1 mm (Sand in water or blood) Only remain mixed while in motion

Colloid: mixture composed of smaller particles and remain mixed even while not in motion. (gelatin) scatters light but doesn’t settle

Solution: homogenous mixture of very small substances (soda, saltwater, simple syrup)

54
Q

Mass/Volume

A

mass of solute per volume of solution (results from a blood test, like blood glucose levels)

55
Q

Mass/volume percent

A

grams of solute per 100 ml of solution eg. IV solutions

56
Q

molarity

A

measure of number of moles per liter of solution

57
Q

molality

A

moles per kg of solvent

58
Q

osmoles

A

reflects whether a substance dissolves, or dissolves and dissociates when placed into a solution

59
Q

biological macromolecules

A

Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

60
Q

polymers

A

polymers are molecules that are made up of repeating subunits called monomers and each monomer is either identical or similar in chemical structure.

61
Q

dimer

A

two monomers bonded together

62
Q

4 classes of Lipids

A

Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Trigycerides
Steroids

63
Q

Neutrons =

A

Atomic mass - protons

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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