Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
structure and form
Physiology
function of the parts
microscopic anatomy
examines structures unseen without aid
cytology
study of body cells and their internal structure
Gross anatomy
(Macroscopic)
studies structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the naked eye
histology
study of tissues
systemic anatomy
studies anatomy of each functional body system
eg urinary system
regional anatomy
examines anatomy in a particular region
ie axillary region including lymphnodes,, blood vessels, nerves, muscles and tissues
surface anatomy
focuses on superficial anatomic markings and inner structure that relate to the skin covering them
ie pulse locations, node locations, where to perform CPR
Comparative anatomy
examines similarities and differences in in anatomy of different species
Embryology
discipline concerned with developmental changes from conception to birth
pathologic anatomy
anatomy changed by disease
Radiographic anatomy
investigates relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by scanning procedures
cardiovascular physiology
examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Neurophysiology
examines nerve impulses throughout the nervous systems
respiratory physiology
studies how respiratory gasses are exchanged between lungs and blood vessels
reproductive physiology
studies regulation of reproductive hormones and how they drive the reproduction cycle
pathophysiology
investigates relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury
Things that describe living things (5 things)
1.organization
2.metabolism
3.responsiveness
4.regulation
5.reproduction
Organization
Complex structure order
metabolism
chemical reactions in the human body
responsiveness
ability to detect and react to stimuli
regulation
the process of maintaining structures and function (Homeostasis)
reproduction
make new cells for growth
Levels of organization
Chemical (atoms and molecules) - Cellular (cells) - Tissue (epithelial and connective) - Organ(Small intestines)- Organ system (digestive system) - Organism(person)
simplest to most complex
4 types of tissues
Epithelial, connective, muscle tissues, nervous tissue
11 Organ systems
- Integumentary: Hair, Skin, Nails
- Cardiovascular: Blood vessels and Heart
- Reproductive: hormones and sex cells
- Urinary: waste and blood filtering
- Respiratory: lungs and breathing- exchange of gasses
- Digestive: digests food, absorbs nutrients, expels waste
- Lymphatic: drains lymph fluid, fights infection
- Nervous : regulatory system that responds to stimuli
- Endocrine: glands and cells that regulate hormones, digestion, reproduction,
- Skeletal: support and protection- bones
- Muscle: movement
anatomic position
standing upright, palms facing anteriorly (out)
supine
lying down, facing upwards
section
cut or slice to expose internal anatomy
plane
imaginary flat surface running through the body
3 planes
- Coronal: frontal plane, divides body into front and back
- Transverse plane: cross sectional, divides body into top and bottom
- Mid Sagittal: divides body into left and right equal parts
Anterior
toward the front
posterior
toward the back
dorsal
back side of human body
Ventral
belly side of human body
Superior
closer to head
Inferior
closer to feet
Cranial
Toward Head
Caudal
Toward the rear
Rostral
Toward nose and mouth
Medial
Midline of the body
lateral
Away from midline of the body
contralateral
on the opposite side
deep
closer to the inside
superficial
closer to the surface
proximal
closer to the point of attachment to the trunk
distal
farther away from the point of attachment to the trunk
Major Bodily regions (7)
- Cephalic (head)
- Thoracic (chest)
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
- Cervical (neck)
- Upper Extremity
- Lower Extremity
posterior aspect
Cranial Cavity and Vertebral canal
ventral cavity
large, anteriorly placed cavity divided into Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
serous membranes
a continuous layer of cells divided into 1. parietal layer (lines internal surface) and 2. Visceral (covers internal surface of the organs)
Abdominopelvic Regions
- umbilical: middle region
- epigastric: superior to umbilical
- hypogastric: inferior or middle
- R and L hypochhondriac
- R and L Lumbar
- R and L Iliac
homeostasis
organisms ability to remain at a steady state
3 components of homeostasis
- receptor: detects change or stimuli (skin or hypothalamus)
- control center: interprets input and initiates change (Endocrine system, hypothalamus)
- effector: the structure to bring about change (blood vessels, sweat glands, muscles)
negative feedback
movement in the opposite direction
(body fights fever and returns to homeostasis)
positive feedback
body responds to stimuli by moving in the same direction
ie nursing mother, or birth process
Cephalic region contains
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Buccal
Oral
Mental
Thoracic region contains
Axillary
Mammary
Pectoral
Sternal
Pelvic region contains
Coxal
Inguinal
Lumbar
Sacral
Gluteal
Perineal
Upper extremity region contains
Deltoid
Brachial
Antecubital
Olecranal
Ante brachial
Carpal
Dorsum of the hand
Manus
Palmar
Digital
Lower extremity region includes
Femoral
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural
Sural
Calcaneal
Plantar surface
Tarsal
Dorsum of the foot
Digital
antebrachial
forearm
antecubital
front of elbow
auricular
visible surfaces of the ear
brachial
arm
buccal
cheek
calcaneal
heel of the foot
coxal
hip
crural
front of lower leg (shin)
deltoid
shoulder
hallux
great toe
fibular
lateral aspect of the leg
occipital
posterior aspect of the head
olecranal
posterior aspect of the elbow
Patellar
kneecap
plantar
sole of the foot
pollex
thumb
popliteal
back of the knee
radial
thumb side of the forearm
scapular
shoulder blade
sural
calf
tarsal
proximal part of the foot and ankle
tibial
medial aspect of leg
ulnar
pinky side of the arm
