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Lab for Anatomy & Physiology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Includes the brain and spinal cord occupying the dorsal body cavity

A

Central Nervous System

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2
Q

Consists mainly of the nerves which extend from the brain and spinal cord, the cranial and spinal nerves (everything BUT the brain and spinal cord)

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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3
Q

Three basic function of nervous system:

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Integrative
  3. Motor
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4
Q

Detect internal and external stimuli, carried to the brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves

A

Sensory Receptors

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5
Q

Initiated by activating effector organs (muscles and glands) through cranial and spinal nerves

A

Motor Response

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6
Q

The brain and spinal cord process, integrate and coordinate this incoming sensory information to formulate an appropriate response

A

Integration

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7
Q

CNS protective structures:

A
  1. Bony outer covering (the skull and vertebral column)
  2. Three layers of meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
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8
Q

Immovable joints

A

Sutures

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9
Q

All the bones of the adult skull, except the mandible (lower jaw) are joined by immovable joints called _____

A

Sutures

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10
Q

The external surface of the cerebrum is divided up into various regions or ____

A

Lobes

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11
Q

These lobes are named after the skull which overlie the ____

A

Brain

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12
Q

Frontal bone is paired with _____ lobe

A

Frontal

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13
Q

Small holes in skull, through which many of the cranial nerves exit the outer surface of the head and body

A

Foramina

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14
Q

The skull has one large hole at its base, the _____ _____, through which the spinal cord passes as it enters the vertebral column

A

Foramen magnum

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15
Q

Each vertebra has a large hole, the ____ ____, through which the spinal cord passes

A

Vertebral foramen

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16
Q

The surface of the brain and the entire surface of the spinal cord are covered by three layers of connective tissues called:

A

Meninges (singular: Meninx)

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17
Q

The outermost meninx, strong membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue

A

Dura mater

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18
Q

Dura mater surrounding the brain is actually composed of _ layers

A

2

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19
Q

The outermost layer of dura mater, closely attached to the inner surface of the bones of the skull, called:

A

Periosteal dura mater

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20
Q

The innermost layer of dura mater, forms the actual external covering over the brain, called:

A

Meningeal dura mater

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21
Q

Space between the wall of the bony vertebral foramen and the spinal dura mater, filed with fatty tissue cushioning

A

Epidural space

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22
Q

The middle layer of the meninges. Separated from the dura mater by a narrow subdural space which contains a film of serous fluid.
Filmy, cobweb like material with spider-like extensions

A

Arachnoid mater

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23
Q

Beneath the arachnoid mater is a wide separation called ________ _____. This space contains cerebrospinal fluid and also the largest blood vessels serving the brain.

A

Subarachnoid space

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24
Q

The innermost meninx is very delicate, highly vascularized membrane composed of areolar connective tissue.
Adheres closely to the surface contours of the brain and spinal cord and dips deeply into the grooves.
Not able to separate this meninx from the brain and spinal cord.

A

Pia mater

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25
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is continually produced by capillaries in the ____ ____ found in the roof of each ventricle

A

Choroid plexuses

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26
Q

CSF is absorbed by the ________ _____ which are knobby projections of the arachnoid mater, to enter the venous blood in the dural sinuses

A

Arachnoid villi

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27
Q

The _____ _____ forms an arch above the lateral ventricles

A

Corpus callosum

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28
Q

Two large cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

Lateral ventricles

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29
Q

Each hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle and they are numbered _ and _

A

1; 2

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30
Q

Can be seen as a shallow depression surround the thalamus

A

Third ventricle

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31
Q

An oval mass beneath the lateral ventricle

A

Thalamus

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32
Q

The cerebral ______ travels through the midbrain region

The structure within the brainstem that connects the third ventricle to the fourth

A

Aqueduct

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33
Q

A triangular space between the pons and the cerebellum, is continuous with the central canal

A

Fourth ventricle

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34
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs through the spinal cord

A

Central canal

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35
Q

The largest portion of the brain and its surface is highly convoluted

A

Cerebrum (seh-REE-brum)

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36
Q

Elevated fold or ridges of cerebrum

A

Gyri (singular Gyrus)

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37
Q

Depressed regions or grooves

A

Sucli (singular sulcus)

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38
Q

Deeper grooves

A

Fissures

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39
Q

Separates the cerebrum right and left hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

40
Q

The cerebrum is separated into right and left ______ _______

A

Cerebral hemispheres

41
Q

Large, convoluted, has an outer cortex made up of grey matter and an inner region of white mater
Concerned with involuntary coordination of skeletal muscle activity and the control of balance and equilibrium

A

Cerebellum

42
Q

Lies inferior to the cerebrum

43
Q

Appear as four rounded prominences on the dorsal midbrain surface

A

Corpora quadrigemina

44
Q

The ____ pair of corpora quadrigemina are visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movements when viewing a moving object

45
Q

The ____ pair of corpora quadrigemina are involved in in the pathway of sound from the hearing receptors of the ear to the sensory cortex and also turning of the head towards sound in startle reflex

46
Q

Arises from the midbrain area

A

Oculomotor nerve

47
Q

The midbrain fiber tracts serve to connect the _____ (means “bridge”) with the cerebrum.
Lies inferior to the midbrain.
Contains fibers that connect parts of the cerebellum and the medulla with the cerebrum

48
Q

Contains many vital autonomic centers involved in the control of heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure

A

Medulla oblongata

49
Q

Two longitudinal ridges on the ventral surface of the medulla
Crossover point for the major motor tract descending from the cerebrum to the spinal cord

50
Q

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

A

Central sulcus

51
Q

Separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

A

Lateral sulcus

52
Q

Most posterior lobe

A

Occipital lobe

53
Q

The fifth lobe deep within the later sulcus and is not visible unless part of the other lobes are removed

54
Q

The central sulcus separates the ____ ____ of the parietal lobe

A

Postcentral gyrus

55
Q

The central sulcus separates the ____ ____ of the frontal lobe

A

Precentral gyrus

56
Q

Important relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cerebral cortex

57
Q

May be found directly beneath the thalamus. It forms the floor and part of the inferior wall of the third ventricle

A

Hypothalamus

58
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus are part of a region of the brain known as:

A

Diencephalon

59
Q

The pituitary gland and the _____ _____ (cranial nerve II) mark the region of the hypothalamus in the ventral view of the brain

A

Optic chaisma

60
Q

Involved in in many vital processes such as regulating body temperature, water balance, appetite, and emotions such as fear and rage.
Also regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

61
Q

Treelike branching of the white matter

A

Abor vitae (or “tree of life”)

62
Q

Nerve to elevate the shoulder

A

XII. Hypoglossal

63
Q

Nerves to read a book:

A

II. Optic
III. Occulomotor
IV. Trochlear
VI. Abducens

64
Q

Nerve to smell perfume

A

I. Olfactory

65
Q

Nerve to feel a toothache in upper jaw

A

V. Trigerminal

b) Maxillary

66
Q

Nerve to smile

A

VII. Facial

Motor

67
Q

Nerve to listen to the radio

A

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

a) Choclear

68
Q

Nerve to “stick out” tongue

A

XII. Hypoglossal

69
Q

Nerve to decrease in rate of heart beat

70
Q

Nerve to chew gum

A

V. Trigeminal

c) Mandibular

71
Q

Nerve for motion sickness

A

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

b) Vestibular

72
Q

Carries impulses associated with sense of smell

A

I. Olfactory

73
Q

Superficial origin: from nasal mucosa to olfactory bulb

A

I. Olfactory

74
Q

Sensory - Carries impulses associated with vision

75
Q

Superficial origin: from retina to optic chiasma

76
Q

Motor - (1) Controls 4/6 extrinsic eye muscles which move the eye (superior, medial and inferior rectus, and inferior oblique)

(2) Controls the ciliary muscle which varies the shape of lens which changes in distance
(3) Controls circular smooth muscle of iris to constrict pupil of the eye

A

III. Oculomotor

77
Q

Superficial origin: midbrain

A

III. Oculomotor

VI. Trochlear

78
Q

Motor - Controls ⅙ extrinsic eye muscles which move the eye (superior oblique)

A

VI. Trochlear

79
Q

V. Trigeminal (3 branches)

A

a) Ophthalmic
b) Maxillary
c) Mandibular

80
Q

Sensory - Pain, touch and temperature from nasal mucous membrane, facial skin and cornea

A

V. Trigeminal

a) Ophthalmic

81
Q

Sensory - Pain, touch and temperature from facial skin, mouth, upper teeth

A

V. Trigeminal

b) Maxillary

82
Q

Sensory - Pain, touch and temperature from skin of chin, lower teeth and anterior 2/3 of tongue
Motor - Muscles of mastication (chewing)

A

V. Trigeminal

c) Mandibular

83
Q

Superficial origin: pons

A

V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial

84
Q

Motor - Controls 1/6 extrinsic eye muscles which move the eye (lateral rectus)

A

VI. Abducens

85
Q

Sensory - Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

Motor - To muscles of face, ears and scalp responsible for facial expressions. Secretion of saliva and tears

A

VII. Facial

86
Q

VIII. Vestibulocochlear (2 branches)

A

a) Cochlear

b) Vestibular

87
Q

Sensory - Carries impulses associated with sense of hearing

A

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

a) Cochlear

88
Q

Sensory - Registers the movement of the body through space and the position of the head. Communication with cerebellum to maintain body equilibrium and coordination of muscle function

A

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

b) Vestibular

89
Q

Superficial location: groove between pons and medulla oblongata

A

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

90
Q

Motor - To muscles of pharynx and base of tongue; also stimulates secretion of the parotid salivary gland
Sensory - Touch, temperature and pain from pharynx; taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

IX. Glossopharyngeal

91
Q

Motor - To muscles of the larynx for swallowing. To smooth muscle of the digestive tract (from esophagus to large intestine) to increase motility and in airways to bronchoconstrict. To glands of the digestive tract. To cardiac muscles to slow heart rate.
Sensory - From baroreceptors and chemoreceptors and mucous membranes of larynx, trachea, lungs, esophagus, stomach, gall bladder and intestines; taste from epiglottis

92
Q

Motor - To muscles of pharynx, larynx, and soft palate and trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Swallowing and movement of the head and shoulders.

A

XI. Spinal Accessory

93
Q

Motor - To muscles of tongue. Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing.

A

XII. Hypoglossal

94
Q

Superficial location: medulla oblongata

A

IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XII. Hypoglossal

95
Q

Superficial location: medulla oblongata & spinal cord

A

XI. Spinal Accessory

Lab for Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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