Lab 2 Quiz Flashcards
1
Q
The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration until a state of equilibrium is reached
A
Diffusion
2
Q
Heat speeds up ____
A
Diffusion
3
Q
Increase in temperature increases the molecular activty which makes diffusion happen ______
A
Faster
4
Q
Shrivelling of a RBC
A
Crenation
5
Q
Swelling of RBC
A
Hemolysis
6
Q
The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves across the membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.
A
Osmosis
7
Q
Starches react with iodine to produce a ____ colour
A
Dark blue/black
8
Q
Iodine is a small ____ molecule
A
Inorganic
9
Q
A measure of the solution’s abilitiy to change the shape of cells by affecting the cells’ internal water volume
A
Tonicity
10
Q
Two solutions that have the same concentration of dissolved particles and water molecules are ____ solutions
A
Isotonic
11
Q
A solution that contains a lesser concentration of dissolved particles and a greater concentration of water molecules than the cell is a _____ solution
A
Hypotonic
12
Q
A solution that contains a greater concentration of dissolved particles and a lesser concentration of water molecules than the cell is a _____ solution
A
Hypertonic
13
Q
Which solution is hypertonic to the egg contents?
A
42% Sucrose
14
Q
Which solution is hypotonic to the egg contents
A
Water
15
Q
Egg in sucrose will weigh ____ because water moves out of the egg via _____ into the solution of sucrose
A
Less; Osmosis
16
Q
RBC is shrinking because salts makes the solution _____
A
Hypertonic
17
Q
RBC will swell and disapear because the solution is ______
A
Hypotonic
18
Q
Composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules with protein molecules immersed or floating throughout the lipid portion
A
Phospholipid Bilayer
19
Q
Acetone is a _______ _________
A
Lipid Solvent
20
Q
Proteins characteristically ______ (break down) at high temperatures
A
Denature
21
Q
A _____ acts as a comparison to prove the reaction is due to the change in variables
A
Control
22
Q
Biuret solution reacts with protein to produce a _____ colour
A
Violet
23
Q
When water leaves via osmosis through the dialysis tube the tube will _____
A
Shrivel
24
Q
When water enters the dialysis tube via osmosis the tube will
A
Swell
25
Cells reproduce via ____ _______
Cell Division
26
The division of somatic (body) cells involves nuclear division
Mitosis
27
Cytoplasmic division
Cytokenisis
28
Cells formed by mitosis are called _____ or __
Diploid; 2n
29
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the nuclei of two cells known as ____
Gametes
30
2 types of gametes
Sperm & Ova
31
Cells formed by meiosis are called _____ or _
Haploid; n
32
A pair of chromosomes with one chromosome provided by the female parent (maternal) and the other by the male parent (paternal)
Homologous Chromosomes
33
46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Diploid Number
34
23 individual chromosomes
Haploid
35
Two major periods in a cell's life cycle
Interphase & Cell Division
36
Cell spends the majority of their life in this phase and it includes the total period of time from formation of a cell until it enters cell division
Interphase
37
Phases of Interphase
G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis) and G2 (Gap 2) phases
38
Copying of DNA called ____ occurs in _ phase
DNA replication; S
39
Cell grows and preforms all its routine metabolic functions, such as duplication of organelles and protein synthesis
G1 Phase
40
Duplicated chromosome
Sister chromosome
41
Constricted region that holds the chromatid pair together
Centromere
42
During interphase, the chromosomes can be distinguished only as a network of dispersed _____
Chromatin
43
Elongated DNA and associated proteins
Chromatin
44
Cell prepares for actual division, last phase of interphase
G2 Phase
45
Functions throughout the cell to organize the cell's microtubles forming the spindle apparatus
Centosome
46
The centrosome contains pericentriolar material (complexes composed of tublin protein) and a pair of structurues known as _____
Centrioles
47
The division of the original parent cell nucleus such that the chromosomal content of the two daughter cells is identical to that of the parent
Mitosis
48
The division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
49
Four stages of Mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
50
Centrioles separate and move to opposite poles; organize microtubules to form a spindle apparatus. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down and disappear. Homologous chromosomes pair. Chromosomes are in duplicated form and become visible as chromatin condenses. Form astral rays to anchor themselves to the pole. Kinetochore microtubules attach to the kinetochore region of the centromere.
Prophase
51
Chromosomes are aligned at the middle of the cell at the equatorial plane
Metaphase
52
Chromosomes separate at the centromere (break apart the chromatids) move the chromosomes to opposite poles as kinetochore microtubules shorten). There are 0 chromatids in this phase.
Anaphase
53
Events are reverse of prophase. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear. Chromosomes uncoil and resume that threadlike chromatin. Microtubules break down. Form a cleavage furrow (cytokinesis occurs).
Telophase
54
End result is 2 daughter cells that are identical to eachother and to the original parent cell.
Mitosis
55
Centrioles migrate to opposite poles and set up mitotic spindle. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear. Chromosomes become visible as chromatin condenses. Homologous pair or tetrad will under go synapses = lay side by side so they can cross over.
Prophase I
56
Breakage and exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes (genetic variation)
Crossing over
57
Tetrad moves to center of cell (equatorial plane). Kinetochore microtubules (only 1 per chromosome)
Metaphase I
58
Tetrads decide how to line up on the metaphase plate (no predetermined plan)
Independent assortment
59
Kinetochore microtubules will all shorten and separate the homologous (*centromeres are not split so chromosomes are still duplicated)
Anaphase I
60
Events are reverse of prophase I. Reform the nucleus and nuclear membrane. Cleavage furrow forms. We have formed two diploid cells but we cannot be finished because we still have duplicated chromosomes.
Telophase I
61
A brief pause between the two sets of divisions. No DNA replication occurs.
Interkenisis
62
End result is 4 genetically different haploid cells
Mieosis
63
Two ways to get genetic variability
Crossing over; Independent assortment
64
4 chromatids in total are referred to as a ______
Tetrad
65
Only allowing certain molecules to pass through it, while excluding others
Selectively permeable or semipermeable
66
These 46 pairs of chromosomes consist of 22 pairs of _____ chromsomes
Autosomal
67
Out of the 46 pairs of chromsomes there are two ____ chromsomes
Sex
68
Females have two _ chromosomes
X
69
Males have one X and a _ chromosome
Y
70
In order to examine human chromosome’s closely, it is useful to photograph a cell during mitosis, enter the photogaph into a computer for analysis and electronically arrange the chromsomes into pairs according to size and the position of the centromere. This type of arrangement of chromsomes is known as a _______
Karyotype
71
Chromosomes are arranged according to _____ size
Decreasing
72
Individual chromosomes may be further identified by the position of the _____
Centromere
73
The centromere is located in the middle of the chromsome
Metacentric
74
The centromere is located between the middle and the end of the chromosomes
Subterminal
75
The centromere is located very close to one end of the chromosome
Acrocentric
76
Group A consists of number _ through _
1 to 3
77
Group A's position of the centromere is ______
Metacentric
78
Group A's characteristic is
Longest
79
Group B's chromsomes present are _ & _
4 & 5
80
Group B's position of the centromere is _____
Subterminal
81
Group C's chromsomes present _ to __ & _
6 to 12 & X
82
Group's C's position of the centromere is _____ for 6, 7, 8 , 11 & X and _______ for 9, 10, & 12
Metacentric; Subterminal
83
Group D's chromsomes present are __ to __
13 to 15
84
Group D's position of the centromere is _______
Acrocentric
85
Group D's characteristics are ______ to tell appart
Difficult
86
Group E's chromsomes present are __ to __
16 to 18
87
Group E's centromere position is ____ for 16 and _____ for 17 & 18
Metacentric 16; Subterminal 17 & 18
88
Group E's characteristics are that numbers ___ & ___ are difficult to tell appart
17 & 18
89
Group F's chromsomes present are __ & __
19 & 20
90
Group F's position of the centromere is _____
Metacentric
91
Group G's chromosomes present are __ & __ & __
21 & 22 & Y
92
Group G's centromere position is ______
Acrocentric
93
Group G's characteristics are that they are the ____
Shortest
94
Chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis is called
Nondisjunction
95
Trisomy 12
Downs Syndrome
96
Trisomy 13
Pataus Syndrome
97
Trisomy 18
Edwards Syndrome
98
Only 1 X Sex Chromsome
Turners Syndrome
99
XXY Sex chromsomes
Klienfelters Sydnrome
100
The position of the gene on a chromosome
Locus
101
The genetic consititution of an organism, i.e. the actual genes present on the chromsomes of an individiual, eg. AA, Aa, aa
Genotype
102
The observed characterics of an individual; the physical expression of a gene, eg. blue eyes
Phenotype
103
Alternate forms of the same gene (e.g. A and a) found at the same locus on homoglous chromsomes, affecting the same characteristic yet often coding for different phenotypes
Alleles
104
An allele which needs to be present on only one of the two homologous chromosomes in order to be expressed; in other words, an allele which masks the expression of alternative alleles. Represented by a capital letter
Dominant
105
An allele which must be present on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes in order to be express (aa). Masked by A
Recessive
106
Refers to the presence of identical alleles on homologous chromosomes (e.g. AA or aa)
Homozygous
107
Refers to the presence of unlike alleles on homologus chromosomes (Aa)
Heterozygous
108
The offspring resulting from the crossing of individuals of the parental generation
F1 Generation (First Filial)
109
The offspring resulting from crossing members of the F1 generation among themselves
F2 Generation (Second Filial)
110
Examines the inheritence of a single trait
Monohybrid Cross
111
Examines the inheritence of 2 different traits located on 2 different pairs of homologous chromosomes. These genes sort independently of eachother.
Dihybrid Cross
112
Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism, neither completely masks the expression of the other. Red X White = Pink
Incomplete Dominance
113
Some genes exhibit more than 2 alternative forms such as the inheritence of ABO blood types
Multiple Allele Inheritence
114
describes the inheritance of traits that are determined by more than one gene (height, eye colour, skin colour)
Polygenic Inheritence
115
Genes carried on the X chromsome are said to be ___ linked
Sex
