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Lab for Anatomy & Physiology > Lab 2 Quiz > Flashcards

Lab 2 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration until a state of equilibrium is reached

A

Diffusion

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2
Q

Heat speeds up ____

A

Diffusion

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3
Q

Increase in temperature increases the molecular activty which makes diffusion happen ______

A

Faster

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4
Q

Shrivelling of a RBC

A

Crenation

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5
Q

Swelling of RBC

A

Hemolysis

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6
Q

The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves across the membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

A

Osmosis

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7
Q

Starches react with iodine to produce a ____ colour

A

Dark blue/black

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8
Q

Iodine is a small ____ molecule

A

Inorganic

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9
Q

A measure of the solution’s abilitiy to change the shape of cells by affecting the cells’ internal water volume

A

Tonicity

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10
Q

Two solutions that have the same concentration of dissolved particles and water molecules are ____ solutions

A

Isotonic

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11
Q

A solution that contains a lesser concentration of dissolved particles and a greater concentration of water molecules than the cell is a _____ solution

A

Hypotonic

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12
Q

A solution that contains a greater concentration of dissolved particles and a lesser concentration of water molecules than the cell is a _____ solution

A

Hypertonic

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13
Q

Which solution is hypertonic to the egg contents?

A

42% Sucrose

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14
Q

Which solution is hypotonic to the egg contents

A

Water

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15
Q

Egg in sucrose will weigh ____ because water moves out of the egg via _____ into the solution of sucrose

A

Less; Osmosis

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16
Q

RBC is shrinking because salts makes the solution _____

A

Hypertonic

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17
Q

RBC will swell and disapear because the solution is ______

A

Hypotonic

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18
Q

Composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules with protein molecules immersed or floating throughout the lipid portion

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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19
Q

Acetone is a _______ _________

A

Lipid Solvent

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20
Q

Proteins characteristically ______ (break down) at high temperatures

A

Denature

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21
Q

A _____ acts as a comparison to prove the reaction is due to the change in variables

A

Control

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22
Q

Biuret solution reacts with protein to produce a _____ colour

A

Violet

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23
Q

When water leaves via osmosis through the dialysis tube the tube will _____

A

Shrivel

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24
Q

When water enters the dialysis tube via osmosis the tube will

A

Swell

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25
Q

Cells reproduce via ____ _______

A

Cell Division

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26
Q

The division of somatic (body) cells involves nuclear division

A

Mitosis

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27
Q

Cytoplasmic division

A

Cytokenisis

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28
Q

Cells formed by mitosis are called _____ or __

A

Diploid; 2n

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29
Q

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the nuclei of two cells known as ____

A

Gametes

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30
Q

2 types of gametes

A

Sperm & Ova

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31
Q

Cells formed by meiosis are called _____ or _

A

Haploid; n

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32
Q

A pair of chromosomes with one chromosome provided by the female parent (maternal) and the other by the male parent (paternal)

A

Homologous Chromosomes

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33
Q

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

A

Diploid Number

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34
Q

23 individual chromosomes

A

Haploid

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35
Q

Two major periods in a cell’s life cycle

A

Interphase & Cell Division

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36
Q

Cell spends the majority of their life in this phase and it includes the total period of time from formation of a cell until it enters cell division

A

Interphase

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37
Q

Phases of Interphase

A

G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis) and G2 (Gap 2) phases

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38
Q

Copying of DNA called ____ occurs in _ phase

A

DNA replication; S

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39
Q

Cell grows and preforms all its routine metabolic functions, such as duplication of organelles and protein synthesis

A

G1 Phase

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40
Q

Duplicated chromosome

A

Sister chromosome

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41
Q

Constricted region that holds the chromatid pair together

A

Centromere

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42
Q

During interphase, the chromosomes can be distinguished only as a network of dispersed _____

A

Chromatin

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43
Q

Elongated DNA and associated proteins

A

Chromatin

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44
Q

Cell prepares for actual division, last phase of interphase

A

G2 Phase

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45
Q

Functions throughout the cell to organize the cell’s microtubles forming the spindle apparatus

A

Centosome

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46
Q

The centrosome contains pericentriolar material (complexes composed of tublin protein) and a pair of structurues known as _____

A

Centrioles

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47
Q

The division of the original parent cell nucleus such that the chromosomal content of the two daughter cells is identical to that of the parent

48
Q

The division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

49
Q

Four stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

50
Q

Centrioles separate and move to opposite poles; organize microtubules to form a spindle apparatus. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane break down and disappear. Homologous chromosomes pair. Chromosomes are in duplicated form and become visible as chromatin condenses. Form astral rays to anchor themselves to the pole. Kinetochore microtubules attach to the kinetochore region of the centromere.

51
Q

Chromosomes are aligned at the middle of the cell at the equatorial plane

52
Q

Chromosomes separate at the centromere (break apart the chromatids) move the chromosomes to opposite poles as kinetochore microtubules shorten). There are 0 chromatids in this phase.

53
Q

Events are reverse of prophase. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear. Chromosomes uncoil and resume that threadlike chromatin. Microtubules break down. Form a cleavage furrow (cytokinesis occurs).

54
Q

End result is 2 daughter cells that are identical to eachother and to the original parent cell.

55
Q

Centrioles migrate to opposite poles and set up mitotic spindle. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear. Chromosomes become visible as chromatin condenses. Homologous pair or tetrad will under go synapses = lay side by side so they can cross over.

A

Prophase I

56
Q

Breakage and exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes (genetic variation)

A

Crossing over

57
Q

Tetrad moves to center of cell (equatorial plane). Kinetochore microtubules (only 1 per chromosome)

A

Metaphase I

58
Q

Tetrads decide how to line up on the metaphase plate (no predetermined plan)

A

Independent assortment

59
Q

Kinetochore microtubules will all shorten and separate the homologous (*centromeres are not split so chromosomes are still duplicated)

A

Anaphase I

60
Q

Events are reverse of prophase I. Reform the nucleus and nuclear membrane. Cleavage furrow forms. We have formed two diploid cells but we cannot be finished because we still have duplicated chromosomes.

A

Telophase I

61
Q

A brief pause between the two sets of divisions. No DNA replication occurs.

A

Interkenisis

62
Q

End result is 4 genetically different haploid cells

63
Q

Two ways to get genetic variability

A

Crossing over; Independent assortment

64
Q

4 chromatids in total are referred to as a ______

65
Q

Only allowing certain molecules to pass through it, while excluding others

A

Selectively permeable or semipermeable

66
Q

These 46 pairs of chromosomes consist of 22 pairs of _____ chromsomes

67
Q

Out of the 46 pairs of chromsomes there are two ____ chromsomes

68
Q

Females have two _ chromosomes

69
Q

Males have one X and a _ chromosome

70
Q

In order to examine human chromosome’s closely, it is useful to photograph a cell during mitosis, enter the photogaph into a computer for analysis and electronically arrange the chromsomes into pairs according to size and the position of the centromere. This type of arrangement of chromsomes is known as a _______

71
Q

Chromosomes are arranged according to _____ size

A

Decreasing

72
Q

Individual chromosomes may be further identified by the position of the _____

A

Centromere

73
Q

The centromere is located in the middle of the chromsome

A

Metacentric

74
Q

The centromere is located between the middle and the end of the chromosomes

A

Subterminal

75
Q

The centromere is located very close to one end of the chromosome

A

Acrocentric

76
Q

Group A consists of number _ through _

77
Q

Group A’s position of the centromere is ______

A

Metacentric

78
Q

Group A’s characteristic is

79
Q

Group B’s chromsomes present are _ & _

80
Q

Group B’s position of the centromere is _____

A

Subterminal

81
Q

Group C’s chromsomes present _ to __ & _

A

6 to 12 & X

82
Q

Group’s C’s position of the centromere is _____ for 6, 7, 8 , 11 & X and _______ for 9, 10, & 12

A

Metacentric; Subterminal

83
Q

Group D’s chromsomes present are __ to __

84
Q

Group D’s position of the centromere is _______

A

Acrocentric

85
Q

Group D’s characteristics are ______ to tell appart

86
Q

Group E’s chromsomes present are __ to __

87
Q

Group E’s centromere position is ____ for 16 and _____ for 17 & 18

A

Metacentric 16; Subterminal 17 & 18

88
Q

Group E’s characteristics are that numbers ___ & ___ are difficult to tell appart

89
Q

Group F’s chromsomes present are __ & __

90
Q

Group F’s position of the centromere is _____

A

Metacentric

91
Q

Group G’s chromosomes present are __ & __ & __

A

21 & 22 & Y

92
Q

Group G’s centromere position is ______

A

Acrocentric

93
Q

Group G’s characteristics are that they are the ____

94
Q

Chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis is called

A

Nondisjunction

95
Q

Trisomy 12

A

Downs Syndrome

96
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Pataus Syndrome

97
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edwards Syndrome

98
Q

Only 1 X Sex Chromsome

A

Turners Syndrome

99
Q

XXY Sex chromsomes

A

Klienfelters Sydnrome

100
Q

The position of the gene on a chromosome

101
Q

The genetic consititution of an organism, i.e. the actual genes present on the chromsomes of an individiual, eg. AA, Aa, aa

102
Q

The observed characterics of an individual; the physical expression of a gene, eg. blue eyes

103
Q

Alternate forms of the same gene (e.g. A and a) found at the same locus on homoglous chromsomes, affecting the same characteristic yet often coding for different phenotypes

104
Q

An allele which needs to be present on only one of the two homologous chromosomes in order to be expressed; in other words, an allele which masks the expression of alternative alleles. Represented by a capital letter

105
Q

An allele which must be present on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes in order to be express (aa). Masked by A

106
Q

Refers to the presence of identical alleles on homologous chromosomes (e.g. AA or aa)

A

Homozygous

107
Q

Refers to the presence of unlike alleles on homologus chromosomes (Aa)

A

Heterozygous

108
Q

The offspring resulting from the crossing of individuals of the parental generation

A

F1 Generation (First Filial)

109
Q

The offspring resulting from crossing members of the F1 generation among themselves

A

F2 Generation (Second Filial)

110
Q

Examines the inheritence of a single trait

A

Monohybrid Cross

111
Q

Examines the inheritence of 2 different traits located on 2 different pairs of homologous chromosomes. These genes sort independently of eachother.

A

Dihybrid Cross

112
Q

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism, neither completely masks the expression of the other. Red X White = Pink

A

Incomplete Dominance

113
Q

Some genes exhibit more than 2 alternative forms such as the inheritence of ABO blood types

A

Multiple Allele Inheritence

114
Q

describes the inheritance of traits that are determined by more than one gene (height, eye colour, skin colour)

A

Polygenic Inheritence

115
Q

Genes carried on the X chromsome are said to be ___ linked

Lab for Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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