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Lab for Anatomy & Physiology > (Terms) Lab Quiz 3 > Flashcards

(Terms) Lab Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Groups of similar cells which preform a common function

A

Tissues

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2
Q

Four basic tissue types:

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue

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3
Q

A tissue which covers the body, lines body cavities and forms glands

A

Epithelial Tissue

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4
Q

A tissue which binds and supports various organs

A

Connective Tissue

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5
Q

A contractile tissue

A

Muscle Tissue

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6
Q

A tissue which initiates and conducts electrochemical impusles

A

Nervous Tissue

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7
Q

The study of tissues

A

Histology

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8
Q

3 primary germ layers in the embryo

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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9
Q

An outer layer that gives rise to the outermost layer of skin and nervous system

A

Ectoderm

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10
Q

Inner layer, gives rise to the mucous membranes of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts as well as digestive glands

A

Endoderm

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11
Q

(Middle layer) gives rise to a gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme which in turn gives rise to muscle, blood vessels and all connective tissues

A

Mesoderm

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12
Q

Consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets in a single layer or multiple layers. Covers surfaces, lines body cavities and forms glands.

A

Epithelium

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13
Q

(Free) surface which faces the external body surface, a body cavity

A

Apical

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14
Q

Opposite of the appical

A

Basal

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15
Q

If the cell is found in a single layer it is found in the deepest layer, the basal sits on the:

A

Basal Lamina

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16
Q

Below the basal lamina is the reticular lamina, a fine network of collagen fibers produced by cells in the connective tissues. Together the two tissues form the:

A

Basement Membrane

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17
Q

Consists of a single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane

A

Simple Epithelium

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18
Q

Consists of several layers, superimposed one upon the other, with only the basal cells in contact with the basement membrane

A

Stratified Epithelium

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19
Q

A single layer of flattened cells

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

Single layer of boxed-shaped cells

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

Cells that are rectangular-shaped in cross section

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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22
Q

Consists of a single layer of columnar cells of varying shapes and heights. Only the tallest cells in this epithelium reach the free surface, the nuclei are staggered at various levels. All the cells in this epithelium contact the basement membrane, the impression of a stratified epithelium is a false one.

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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23
Q

The most common stratified epithelia in the human body. Composed of several layers of cells, although the number of cells and the thickness of the epithelium vary in different parts of the body. The cells that contact the basement membrane are usually cuboidal in shape and undergo constant mitosis. Can be keratinized or nonkeratinized.

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

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24
Q

Found in the moist linings of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina and anus.

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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25
Q

Type of epithelium where the cells near the free surface produce a tough resilient protein called keratin

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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26
Q

The thickness of the epithelium changes as it is subject to pressure. Dome shaped cuboidal cells.

A

Transitional epithelium

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27
Q

Glands that release their fluid products by exocytosis.

A

Merocrine (eccrine) glands

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28
Q

Glands that pinch off a portion of the cell as part of the secretion.

A

Apocrine glands

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29
Q

When whole cells filled with secretion are released.

A

Holocrine glands.

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30
Q

The most wide-ranging and abundant type of tissue in the human body.

A

Connective tissue

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31
Q

All connective tissues have 3 structural features in common:

A

Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

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32
Q

The fibers and the ground substance together form the ______ ______ of connective tissues.

A

Extracellular matrix

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33
Q

Cartilage is:

A

Avascular

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34
Q

Have poor blood supply

A

Dense connective tissue

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35
Q

Except for cartilage, connective tissues, like epithelia, are supplied with:

A

Nerves

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36
Q

Supporting connective tissues:

A

Cartilage, bone

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37
Q

4 types of connective tissues:

A

Areolar (loose) connective tissue, Adipose connective tissue, Reticular connective tissue, Dense connective tissue

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38
Q

Cell names ending in “____” are immature cells that secrete matrix and are actively mitotic

A

-blasts

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39
Q

Are present in connective tissue and produce and secrete the matrix components

A

Fibroblasts

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40
Q

Are present in cartilage and produce and secrete the matrix components

A

Chondroblasts

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41
Q

Are present in bone and produce and secrete the matrix components

A

Osteoblasts

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42
Q

Cell names ending in “____” are mature cells involved in maintaining the matrix and are less active

A

-cytes

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43
Q

The fibers of connective tissues are of three types:

A

Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

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44
Q

The most widespread connective tissue in the human body

A

Areolar connective tissue

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45
Q

Fibers of this connective tissue are not arranged into a particular pattern, but run in all directions and form a loose network within the ground substance

A

Areolar connective tissue

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46
Q

The predominant fiber type in Areolar connective tissue. Constructed of the tough fibrous protein collagen and provide high tensile strength to the matrix. Usually appear as broad pink bands in the slide.

A

Collagen fibers

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47
Q

Appear as thin dark lines. Contain the rubber like protein elastin that allows them to stretch and recoil.

A

Elastic fibers.

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48
Q

An actively mitotic cell that secretes the group substance and fibers

A

Fibroblast

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49
Q

Type of cell that has a coarse, dark-staining granules in the cytoplasm. Secrete heparin, a chemical that inhibits blood clotting, and histamine, a chemical that increase blood flow by dilating blood vessels.

A

Mast cell

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50
Q

Large irregularly shaped phagocytic cells that arise from monocytes (type of white blood cell) and wander through connective tissue where they engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign particles and dead or dying body cells.

A

Macrophages

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51
Q

A fiber that is predominant in reticular connective tissue. Short, thin, branched network of collagen-like fibers.

A

Reticular fiber

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52
Q

Characterized by large, internal lipid droplet. May appear singly but are more often present in groups.

A

Adipose cells (or adipocytes)

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53
Q

When adipose cells accumulate in large numbers, they become the predominant cell type and form:

A

Adipose tissue / fat

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54
Q

Function: diffusion of gasses O2 and CO2 (respiratory gasses)
Present in organs where diffusion occurs

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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55
Q

Function: secretion and absorption

A

Simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium

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56
Q

Function: secretion and protection

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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57
Q

Function: Protects areas of the body against mechanical stress
“Wear and tear”

A

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia

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58
Q

Function: Protects areas of the body against mechanical stress
Keratin protects the epithelium and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia

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59
Q

Function: Allows urinary organs to accommodate the pressure changes associated with urine volume without rupturing the organ

A

Transitional Epithelium

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60
Q

Function: Secretion

A

Goblet cell

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61
Q

Function: Attach skin to underlying tissue, fill the place between various organs & hold them in place
Surrounds & supports blood vessels

A

Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue

62
Q

Function: Forms the internal framework of organs

Closely related to blood vessels and nerve

A

Reticular Connective Tissue

63
Q

Function: Storage site for lipids
Pads & protects regions of the body (shock absorber)
Insulation (regulate body temperature)

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

64
Q

There are two types of dense connective tissue:

A

Regular and irregular

65
Q

Function: Resist pulling forces in a single direction

Fibers are organized into a parallel pattern

A

Dense regular connective tissue

66
Q

Function: Resist pulling forces in several directions

Collagen fibers are thicker and run in several directions

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

67
Q

A tendon is a structure that attaches muscle to bone and is composed of:

A

Dense regular connective tissue

68
Q

Closely related to the dense connective tissues

A

Cartilage

69
Q

Also composed of cells, fibers, and ground substance

A

Cartilage

70
Q

Three types of cartilage:

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

71
Q

Most types of cartilage are surrounded by a layer of dense connective tissue known as:

A

Perichondrium

72
Q

The inner layer of the perichondrium is a region of transition where the collagen fibers merge with the ground substance and it is in this region that the ________ are formed.

A

Chondroblasts

73
Q

Produce a new matrix in cartilage

A

Chondroblasts

74
Q

The mature cartilage cells are called ____ and are found in spaces (or lacunae) deeper in the matrix.

A

Chondrocytes

75
Q

The most common type of cartilage.

A

Hyaline cartilage

76
Q

Similar to hyaline cartilage but the matrix is characterized by an abundance of elastic fibers.

A

Elastic cartilage

77
Q

Less organized than other cartilage types and lacks a perichondrium.

A

Fibrocartilage

78
Q

Two basic types of bone:

A

Spongy (or cancellous) bone and compact bone

79
Q

Compact bone is composed of a solid sheet of bone tissue organized into structural units called:

A

Osteons or Haversian systems

80
Q

An osteon consists of a concentric ring of bone called:

A

Lamalle

81
Q

Mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

82
Q

Osteocytes are found in space (_____) between lamalle

A

Lacunae

83
Q

Bone is a highly ______ tissue.

A

Vascular

84
Q

A connective tissue layer surrounding the bone.

A

Periosteum

85
Q

Connect to the central canals that run longitudinally through the bone.

A

Perforating (Volkmann) canals

86
Q

Blood vessels located in the periosteum ____ compact bone through transverse perforating (Volkmann) canals .

A

Penetrate

87
Q

Network of small canals that radiate from each lacunae.

A

Canaliculi

88
Q

The matrix of the bone is hard and rigid due to the presence of inorganic mineral salts (mostly _____ and _____).

A

Calcium; Phosphates

89
Q

___ removes the inorganic salts from the bone which causes the bone to become soft.

A

Acid

90
Q

_____ the bones removes the organic constitutes, which causes the bone to become brittle.

A

Baking

91
Q

Function: Support with some flexibility.

Forms most of the embryonic skeleton.

A

Hyaline Cartilage

92
Q

Function: Provides strength, and elasticity, and maintains the shape of certain structure

A

Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

93
Q

Function: Provides strong support and can withstand heavy pressure.

A

Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

94
Q

Function: Provides support and protection for parts of the body.
Provides cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells.
Serves as a storehouse for the minerals, calcium and phosphorus required for various functions carried out by the body.

A

Compact bone

95
Q

Function: Provides support and protection for parts of the body.
Provides cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells.
Serves as a storehouse for the minerals, calcium and phosphorus required for various functions carried out by the body.
Filled with bone marrow.

A

Spongy bone

96
Q

Muscle cells are also called:

A

Muscle fibers

97
Q

Have an elongated shape:

A

Muscle fibers

98
Q

The cytoplasm of the muscle cell:

A

Sarcoplasm

99
Q

The cell membrane of the muscle cell:

A

Sarcolemma

100
Q

3 types of muscle tissue found in the human body:

A

Skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue

101
Q

Obvious transverse bands:

A

Stirations

102
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue is located within:

A

Skeletal muscles

103
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue is characterized by cells that branch in an irregular pattern and cells join end-to-end by special regions called:

A

Intercalated discs

104
Q

There are two major divisions of the nervous system:

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

105
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

106
Q

(System) All nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral nervous system

107
Q

The structural and functional units of nervous tissue

A

Neurons

108
Q

The largest and most prominent cells of nervous tissue

A

Neurons

109
Q

Typical neuron includes:

A

Cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon

110
Q

Aggregations of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Nissl bodies

111
Q

Important elements of cytoskeleton

A

Neurfibrils

112
Q

Fatty sheath that may cover an axon

A

Myelin

113
Q

Small gaps in the myelin sheath are called:

A

Nodes of Ranvier

114
Q

Nodes of Ranvier enable the nerve impulses to jump from node to node, _____ the speed at which an impulse travels.

A

Increasing

115
Q

Fine branched endings of the axon

A

Telodendrites (axon terminals)

116
Q

Two distinct areas observed in nervous tissue:

A

Grey matter and white matter

117
Q

Outside the nervous system, neuron cell bodies are clustered within structures known as:

A

Ganglia

118
Q

Line body cavities that open to the exterior such as those of the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts.

A

Mucous membranes

119
Q 
Located in: 
Lung (pink)
Capillary walls
Lymphatic vessels
Kidney
Liver
Heart
Blood vessels
A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

120
Q

Located in:
Thyroid gland
Kidney tubules
Ducts of many glands

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

121
Q 
Located in:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Ducts of various glands
A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

122
Q 
Located in:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Ducts of various glands
A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

123
Q 
Located in:
Respiratory tract
Nasal cavities
Trachea
Bronchi
A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

124
Q 
Located in:
Most linings of mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Vagina
Anus
A

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia

125
Q

Located in:

Surface of the skin

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelia

126
Q

Located in:
Urinary bladder
Ureters (tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder)
Upper portion of urethra

A

Transitional Epithelium

127
Q 
Located in:
Exocrine glands
Found beneath the covering epithelium as single or cluster of cells
Sweat glands
Mammary glands
Sebaceous glands
Pancreatic glands
A

Goblet cell Epithelium Glandular

128
Q

Located in:

Between various glands

A

Areolar (Loose) Connective Tissue

129
Q 
Located in:
Spleen
Liver
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
A

Reticular Connective Tissue

130
Q

Located in:
Under the skin
Around kidneys, heart, and eyeballs
Within the abdomen and breasts

A

Adipose Connective Tissue

131
Q

Located in:
Ligaments (which link bone to bone at joints)
Tendons (connections between bones or cartilage and muscle)

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

132
Q

Located in:
Skin Dermis
Forms fibrous coverings around organs (kidney, muscles, bones and nerves)

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

133
Q

Located in:

Articular surfaces of bones, the ends of the ribs and as part of the nasal septum, larynx, trachea and bronchi

A

Hyaline Cartilage

134
Q

Located in:
External ear (the pinna)
The epiglottis
Wall of auditory (eustachian) tube

A

Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue

135
Q

Located in:
Pads
Vertebral discs between the individual vertebrae
Knee menisci between the tibia and femur
Pubic symphysis (joint between the pubic bones of the pelvis)

A

Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue

136
Q

Located in:
Throughout the body.
External layer of the bone and is thickest along the length of the bone

A

Bone Connective Tissue - Compact Bone

137
Q

Located in:
Throughout the body.
Internal part of the bone generally at the expanded ends of a bone.

A

Bone Connective Tissue - Spongy Bone

138
Q

Located in:

Attached to the bone

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

139
Q 
Located in:
Within the walls of hollow organs 
- Blood vessels
- Digestive organs
- Urinary tract
- Respiratory tract
- Reproductive Tract
A

Smooth Muscle Tissue

140
Q

Located in:

The walls of the heart

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

141
Q

Located in:

Spinal cord

A

Spinal Cord Ganglion

142
Q

Located in:

Hair covered areas of the skin

A

Hair Follicle and Sebaceous Glands

143
Q

Located in:

Upper dermis, project into epidermis

A

Meissner’s Corpuscle

144
Q

Located in:

In the dermis

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

145
Q

Function:

Contraction moves the skeleton

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

146
Q

Function:
Contraction moves materials along internal passageways and regulates the diameter of blood vessels and respiratory tracts

A

Smooth Muscle Tissue

147
Q

Function:

Contraction circulates the blood throughout the body

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

148
Q

Function:

Relay the sensory nerve impulses from the periphery to the peripheral nervous system.

A

Spinal Cord Ganglion

149
Q

Function:

Send & receive sensory information

A

Spinal Cord & Neuron Smear

150
Q

Function:
Secrete sebum
Hair growth

A

Hair Follicle and Sebaceous Glands

151
Q

Function:

Light touch sensor

A

Meissner’s Corpuscle

152
Q

Function:

Deep pressure sensor

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

Lab for Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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