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BDS1 BAMS: Head and Neck Anatomy > The Neck > Flashcards

The Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior and inferior limits of the neck?

A 
Superior = mandible and base of skull 
Inferior = Thoracic inlet (near clavicle)
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2
Q

What divides the neck into anterior and posterior portions (anatomically)?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

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3
Q

What is the proximal attachment for the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Mastoid process (portion of the temporal bone behind the ear)

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4
Q

What is the distal attachment for the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Sternum and clavicle

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5
Q

What are the boundaries of the ‘anterior triangle’ in the neck?

A

1) Sternocleidomastoid muscle
2) Midline of the neck
3) The lower border of the mandible

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6
Q

What are the boundaries of the ‘posterior triangle’ in the neck?

A

1) Sternocleidomastoid muscle
2) Trapezius muscle
3) Middle third of the clavicle

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7
Q

Which muscles are present in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

1) Mylohyoid (from right to left side of the mandible, forms the base of the oral cavity)
2) Anterior belly of digastric
3) Infrahyoid (‘strap’) muscles (sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid and sternothyroid)

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8
Q

What are the skeletal elements present in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

1) Thyroid cartilage
2) Cricoid cartilage
3) Hyoid bone
4) Trachea

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9
Q

Which cartilage is the largest of all the laryngeal cartilages?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage located?

A

Below the thyroid cartilage, just above the trachea

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11
Q

Which glands are present in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, submandibular glands

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12
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine

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13
Q

What type of gland are submandibular glands?

A

Exocrine

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14
Q

What tissue encloses the thyroid gland?

A

Pre-tracheal fascia

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15
Q

Which arteries supply the thyroid gland?

A

Superior (external carotid artery) and inferior (thyrocervical trunk) thyroid arteries

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16
Q

What do individual sternocleidomastoid muscles do?

A

Turn the head to the opposite side

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17
Q

Which muscles move the head downwards?

A

Both sternocleidomastoid muscles working together

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18
Q

Why do boys have a larger Adam’s apple than girls?

A

Because it is under the influence of testosterone

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19
Q

Which cartilage is the Adam’s apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage

20
Q

Which is the only bone in the body not joined to any other bone?

A

Hyoid bone

21
Q

Which cartilage forms the only complete ring of cartilage in the trachea?

A

Cricoid cartilage

22
Q

The thyroid and parathyroid glands are endocrine glands. What does this mean?

A

They release hormones into the bloodstream

23
Q

The salivary glands are exocrine glands. What does this mean?

A

Release secretions through a duct

24
Q

How can you test if a patient’s thyroid gland is functioning?

A

Touch patient’s throat and ask them to swallow. Everything should move upwards and then downwards

25
Q

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

A

2

26
Q

The 2 lobes of the thyroid gland are joined together by the _______

A

Isthmus

27
Q

What is the levator glandulae thyroidae?

A

Fibrous remnant from the thyroid gland extending from the floor of mouth to root of neck

28
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they located?

A

4 (5% of the popn have more than 4)

At the back of the thyroid gland

29
Q

What do parathyroid glands produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

30
Q

What happens is the parathyroid glands are removed?

A

Tetany: extra muscle contractions
Atrophy: muscle wasting

31
Q

What are the 3 ways that parathyroid hormone can increase calcium?

A

1) Increase uptake from gut
2) Increase uptake from kidneys
3) Increase uptake from bone

32
Q

What effect does parathyroid hormone have on calcium levels?

A

Increases calcium levels when they are low

33
Q

What effect does calcitonin have on calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin, produced by the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland, opposes the action of PTH i.e. lowers blood calcium levels

34
Q

Which nerves are in the anterior triangle in the neck?

A

1) Vagus: rest and digest, supplies all the muscles in the larynx
2) Phrenic: C3-5, supplies the diaphragm.
3) Hypoglossal

35
Q

Which blood vessels pass through the anterior triangle in the neck?

A

1) Common carotid artery

2) Jugular veins

36
Q

Which 2 arteries does the common carotid artery branch into, and what do they supply?

A

1) Internal carotid artery - 80% blood brain supply

2) External carotid artery - face, 20% of blood brain supply

37
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangle in the neck?

A

Nerves, muscles, blood vessels and lymph nodes

38
Q

Which nerves are in the posterior triangle in the neck?

A

1) Accessory nerve
2) Parts of the brachial plexus
3) Cutaneous cervical nerves

39
Q

What is the role of the accessory nerve?

A

Purely motor

Supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

40
Q

How can you test CN XI?

A

CN XI = accessory nerve

Ask patient to raise shoulders, check for symmetry and test power by pressing down on shoulders

41
Q

How can you test the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Ask patient to look one way, place your hand against their face and push, and ask them to push their face against your hand

42
Q

What type of nerves are in the brachial plexus?

A

Sensory and motor

43
Q

What does the brachial plexus supply?

A

All the muscles and the skin in the upper limb

44
Q

Which roots does the brachial plexus come from?

A

C5-8, T1

45
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Small oval to bean shaped structures that filter lymph
Offer defence against the spread of infection
Returned to larger veins

46
Q

Which triangle in the neck are the lymph nodes located?

A

Posterior triangle

BDS1 BAMS: Head and Neck Anatomy (5 decks)

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