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BDS1 BAMS: Head and Neck Anatomy > Clinical Anatomy of the Face > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of the Face Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ‘cranium’?

A

Skeleton of the head i.e. the skull

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skull?

A

Neurocranium (bony covering of brain and meninges) and viscerocranium (facial skeleton)

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3
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A
  • Bony covering of the brain and meninges
  • Roof called calvaria
  • Floor called the cranial base
  • 8 bones: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, occipital, temporal, parietal
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4
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A
  • Facial skeleton

- 14 bones

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5
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are pneumatised?

A

Frontal, temporal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal

contain air filled cavities

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6
Q

What percentage of communication is non-verbal?

A

80-90%

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7
Q

How many muscles are in the face?

A

43

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of the face?

A

Extends from forehead to chin, and from ear to ear

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9
Q

Cranial nerves come off our brain. What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagas
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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10
Q

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve (V)?

A

V1: Ophthalmic branch (sensory)
V2: Maxillary branch (sensory)
V3: Mandibular branch (sensory and motor)

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11
Q

Name the muscles of mastication

A

Masseter (zygomatic arch -> mandible)
Temporalis (frontal/parietal bones -> coronoid process of mandible)
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

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12
Q

If a patient has a problem with muscles on one side of the face, what is typically observed clinically?

A

Overcompensation on the opposite side

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13
Q

Which nerve supplies the 43 muscles of the face?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

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14
Q

What is the muscle in lips termed?

A

Orbicularis oris

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15
Q

Which muscle forms the cheeks?

A

Buccinator

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve does puffing out the cheeks test?

A

Tests the integrity of the facial nerve (CN VII)

17
Q

If the buccinator muscles don’t work, what will a patient be unable to do?

A

Patient will not be able to push food into centre of mouth

18
Q

What are the 2 components of the orbital oculi muscle?

A

Orbital part: responsible for scrunching up the eye

Palpebral part: tiny part of the eyelid - makes sure the eyes are closed when you sleep

19
Q

Which major salivary gland does the facial nerve pass through?

A

Parotid

20
Q

The facial nerve, retromandibular vein and external carotid artery all pass through which gland?

A

Parotid gland

21
Q

Which virus causes mumps and which region does it affect?

A

Paramyxovirus

Parotid gland - swelling (hamster appearance)

22
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

The most common cranial neuropathy
Complete facial paralysis on one side of the face
Diagnosed only if no specific cause can be identified

23
Q

What is the most common cranial neuropathy?

A

Bell’s Palsy

24
Q

Which treatments may help relieve symptoms of Bell’s Palsy?

A

Prednisolone - steroid medication

Acyclovir - antiviral medication typically used to treat herpes simplex infections

25
Q

Which virus is a potential risk factor for Bell’s Palsy?

A

Herpes simplex/zoster virus

Controversial

26
Q

What percentage of all head and neck tumours are in the salivary glands?

A

3%

27
Q

What percentage of tumours of the salivary glands are of the parotid gland?

A

75-85%

28
Q

What percentage of tumours in the parotid gland are benign?

A

75-80%

29
Q

Which 2 factors does facial reanimation following paralysis depend on?

A
  1. Level of injury

2. Duration of paralysis

30
Q

How is Bell’s Palsy usually treated?

A

Usually resolves spontaneously for most patients

31
Q

What are the options for treatment if someone’s face has been paralysed?

A
  1. Immediate/early reconstruction (dynamic)
  2. Intermediate reconstruction (dynamic)
  3. Late reconstruction (static)
32
Q

Why is facial reconstruction after 12 months of paralysis not possible?

A

After 12 months, nerve and motor end plates die

33
Q

What is the hypoglossal-facial anastomosis approach to facial reconstruction?

A
  • The hypoglossal nerve is joined to the facial nerve to reinnervate patient’s face following facial paralysis
  • Used for patients with intermediate duration length facial paralysis
  • Side-to-end anastomosis most popular
34
Q

Where is the fascia lata located?

A

On the thigh

35
Q

How can the fascia lata from the thigh be used to treat patients with long-standing facial paralysis?

A

Use fascia lata to tunnel through hairline and under the skin, used to pull up side of the face to regain facial symmetry

36
Q

What is the benefit of keyhole surgery?

A

Minimal scarring

BDS1 BAMS: Head and Neck Anatomy (5 decks)

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