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Anatomy of the head, neck and spine > The Neck > Flashcards

The Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Borders of the neck

A

Anteriorly - from the lower border of the mandible to the upper surface of the manubrium
Posteriorly - from the superior nuchal line (occipital bone) to the intervertebral disc between C7 and T1

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2
Q

Functional compartments

A

Anterior visceral compartment - parts of digestive and respiratory systems and endocrine glands

Posterior vertebral compartment - cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, cervical nerve, muscles (support)

2 lateral neurovascular compartments - blood vessels and vagus nerve

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3
Q

Fascia of neck

A

Superficial and deep

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4
Q

Superficial fascia contains

A

thin sheet of muscle than blends in with the muscles of the face

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5
Q

Deep fascia contains

A

Investing layer - surrounds everything
Pre vertebral layer - surrounds posterior compartment
Pre tracheal layer - surrounds anterior compartment
Carotid sheaths - surround neurovascular compartments

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6
Q

Neck - C1

A

Open mouth

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7
Q

Neck - C2

A

Superior cervical ganglion

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8
Q

Neck - C3

A

Body of hyoid

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9
Q

Neck - C4

A

Upper body of the thyroid cartilage, bifurcation of common carotid artery

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10
Q

Neck - C6

A

Cricoid cartilage, middle cervical ganglion

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11
Q

Neck - C7

A

Inferior cervical ganglion

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12
Q

Boundaries of thoracic inlet

A

T1 posteriorly, 1st ribs anteriorly, superior border of the manubrium anteriorly

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13
Q

Structures passing through the thoracic inlet

A 
trachea
oesophagus
brachiocephalic veins and arteries
vagus nerves
left common carotid and subclavian arteries
sympathetic trunk
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
phrenic nerves
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14
Q

Boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Inferior border of the mandible
Midline of neck

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15
Q

Boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck

A

Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Anterior border of the trapezius
Middle 1/3 of clavicle

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16
Q

Contents of the anterior triangle of neck

A

Mainly Muscles:

  • Mylohyloid
  • Platysma (superficial facial muscle)
  • Digastric
  • Infrahyoid (strap)

Common carotid arteries
Internal jugular vein
Larynx and trachea

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17
Q

Contents of the posterior triangle of neck

A

Mainly blood vessels and nerves:

  • External jugular vein
  • Internal jugular bein
  • Subclavian artery and vein
  • Trunks of the brachial plexus
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Spinal accessory nerve
  • Vagus nerve
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18
Q

Mylohyoid muscle attachments and function

A

From the myohyloid line on the mandible - inserts in the body of the hyoid

Function - support and elevate floor of mouth

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19
Q

The infrahyoid (strap) muscles

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

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20
Q

Sternohyoid attachments

A

From the posterior aspect of the sternoclavicular joint to the body of the hyoid

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21
Q

Omohyoid attachments

A

From the superior border of the scapular to the lower border of the hyoid

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22
Q

Thyrohyoid attachments

A

From the thyroid cartilage to the greater horn of the hyoid

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23
Q

Sternothyroid attachments

A

From the posterior surface of the manubrium to the thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

Brachial plexus relation to the thoracic inlet

A

Superolateral to the thoracic inlet

25
Brachial plexus emerges between which muscles
Anterior and middle scalene muscles, passes under the clavicle and into the shoulder
26
5 roots of the brachial plexus
Anterior rami of the spinal nerves C5-T1
27
The 3 trunks the roots merge to form and where they cross
1) Upper trunk C5-6 2) Middle trunk C7 3) Lower trunk C8-T1 cross in the posterior triangle of the neck
28
Superficial venous drainage of the neck:
external jugular vein and anterior jugular veins
29
Position and key relations of the external jugular vein
Formed posterior to the angle of the mandible Passes straight down the neck in the superficial fascia Superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle crosses down diagonally Pierces investing layer of deep cervical fascia Joins the subclavian vein
30
Position and key relations of the anterior jugular vein
Paired veins that come together superior to the hyoid bone Descend on either side of the midline Near the medial side of the sternocleidomastoid, each vein pierces the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia Joins the subclavian vein
31
Subclavian vein joins the...to form...near the
Internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein near the sternoclavicular joint
32
Explain the uses of central venous lines
Need to place larger-bore catheter into the central vein - dialysis, parenteral nutrition, haemodynamic monitoring or administration of drugs than tend to cause phlebitis
33
Indicate landmarks for insertion of a central line into the internal jugular vein
Previously: blind puncture into subclavian and jugular veins Now: ultrasound to ID vessels IJV puncture site: palpate common carotid artery and insert the needle just lateral to it (30 degree angle aiming at the apex of the sternal and clavicular heads of the sternocleidomastoid) Direct needle inferolaterally towards ipsilateral nipple
34
List the possible complications of insertion of central venous lines
``` Arterial puncture leading to haematoma and potential airway obstruction Pneumothorax Nerve damage Air embolism Thrombosis Misplacement Perforation of great vessels of heart Infection ```
35
Brachiocephalic trunk branches into
subclavian and common carotid arteries
36
Subclavian artery branches
1st branch - vertebral artery 2nd branch - Thyrocervical trunk 3rd branch - internal thoracic artery
37
Position, key relations and course of vertebral artery
Medial to the anterior scalene Ascends through the transverse process of C6. At the superior border of C1, it turns medially Passes through the foramen magnum into the posterior cranial fossa.
38
Position, key relations and course of internal thoracic artery
Branches from inferior end of subclavian and descends Passes posterior to clavicle and large veins of the region and anterior to the pleural cavity Enters thoracic cavity posterior to the ribs and anterior to the transversus thoracis muscle
39
Left and right common carotid arteries originate from
Right: brachiocephalic trunk Left: Aortic arch, entering the neck near the left sternoclavicular joint
40
Where the common carotids bifurcate
Superior edge of thyroid. Divide into internal and external carotids.
41
Where and what is the carotid sinus
At the bifurcation of the common carotids. It is a dilation of the internal carotid
42
Internal carotid enters the cranial cavity via
carotid canal
43
Internal carotid supplies
cerebral hemispheres, eyes, contents of orbit, forehead
44
External carotid supplies
Face, neck and scalp
45
Where to locate the carotid pulse
Palpate common carotids - lie in groove between trachea and infra hyoid muscles
46
Uses of carotid pulse
Assess pulse pace, rhythm, character Timing murmurs Locate jugular vein
47
Lymphatic drainage pattern
Superficial lymph vessels--> superficial lymph nodes --> deep nodes --> deep nodes of the jugular vein
48
5 groups of superficial nodes round the head neck and scalp
``` Occipital (most posterior to ears) Mastoid (less posterior to ears) Parotid (anterior to ears) Submandibular (on jawline) Submental (just to side of chin) ```
49
Drainage from the occipital and mastoid nodes pass to the
Superficial cervical nodes
50
Superficial cervical nodes form along the... | Deep cervical nodes form along the...
(superficial) external jugular vein | (deep) internal jugular vein
51
from the deep cervical nodes, lymphatic vessels form... which empty into the...
Form the right and left jugular trunks Empty into the Right lymphatic duct on the right side or the thoracic duct on the left side
52
Phrenic nerves are branches of the
cervical plexus and arise from the anterior rami of C3-C5
53
Route of phrenic nerves
Pass the upper lateral border of the anterior scalene muscle Interiorly down the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle with the pre vertebral fascia past the lower edge of the anterior scalene Pass between subclavian vein, enter thorax and continue into the diaphragm Right phrenic passes close to the IVC Left phrenic pierces the diaphragm
54
Function of phrenic nerves
Motor supply to diaphragm | Sensory innervation of diaphragm pleura and peritoneum
55
Spinal accessory nerves considered to be
CN11
56
Spinal accessory nerves origin
Neutron cell bodies of cervical spinal cord
57
Spinal accessory nerves course
Enters the skull via foramen magnum Courses along inner wall of skull to jugular foramen where it exits the skull In the neck, they cross the internal jugular vein (at level of posterior belly of digastric), continues inferiorly, pierces the SCM, reaches trapezius
58
Spinal accessory nerves function
motor innervation ro SCM (head rotation) and trapezius (shrugging)

Anatomy of the head, neck and spine (7 decks)

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