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Anatomy of the head, neck and spine > Cranium and brain > Flashcards

Cranium and brain Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the different tissue components of the scalp

A

Skin - highly vascular, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles
Connective tissue - supplied by cutaneous nerves, highly vascularised
Aponeurosis - membranous sheet
Loose connective tissue - not continuous with the pericranium, allows movement of the scalp
Pericranium - dense connective tissue continuous with the endocranium

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2
Q

Which parts of the brain sit in:

  • Anterior cranial fossa
  • Middle cranial fossa
  • Posterior cranial fossa
A

Anterior - frontal
Middle - Temporal
Posterior - Cerebellum and brainstem

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3
Q

Layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater (periosteal outside and meningeal inside)
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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4
Q

What divides the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

Falx cerebri

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5
Q

Falx cerebra is attached

A

Anteriorly to the ethmoid and frontal bones

Posteriorly it blends with the tentorium cerebelli

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6
Q

Tentorium cerebelli divides

A

cerebrum from cerebellum

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7
Q

Tentorium cerebelli is attached

A

Posteriorly to the occipital bone, laterally to the superior border of the temporal bone

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8
Q

The anterior and medial borders of the tentorium cerebelli are free and form an oval opening in the midline called the

A

Tentorial notch

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9
Q

What passed through the tectorial notch

A

midbrain

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10
Q

The subarachnoid space enlarges in certain areas called

A

subarachnoid cisterns

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11
Q

CSF is produced by

A

choroid plexus (where the vessels of the pia mater come into contact with the ependymal lining of the central canal)

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12
Q

Flow of CSF

A

Flows through ventricles - lateral –> 3rd –> aqueduct –> 4th –> central canal (v little actually flows through the central canal, most enters the subarachnoid space)

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13
Q

CSF returns to the venous system via the

A

arachnoid villi (project as arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus)

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14
Q

What is hydrocephalus and mechanisms

A

Dilatation of the cerebral ventricular system

Overproduction of CSF. Obstruction of flow of CSF. Failure to reabsorb CSF.

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15
Q

explain herniation

A

When a space occupying lesion (blood, tumour, oedema, cyst) causes a rise in intracranial pressure and causes the brain to shift cross structures within the skull

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16
Q

Types of herniation

A

Subfalcine (most common)
Uncal
Tonsillar

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17
Q

Subfalcine herniation

A

When innermost parts of the frontal lobe shifts under part of the falx cerebri

May interfere with blood vessels to the frontal lobe

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18
Q

Brain receives blood supply from:

A

Vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries

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19
Q

The 2 vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity through the….
they fuse just inferior to the …. to form the…

A

foramen magnum

fuse inferior to the pons to form the basilar artery

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20
Q

The internal carotid arteries enter the cranial cavity through the…

A

Carotid canals

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21
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the brain

A

Blood drains into the small venous channels, then into the larger cerebral, cerebellar and brainstem veins, then into the dural venous sinuses

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22
Q

what are the dural venous sinuses

A

endothelial lined spaces between the meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura mater

23
Q

the dural venous sinuses lead to the

A

internal jugular veins

24
Q

Superior sagittal sinus receives blood from

A

cerebral veins from the superior surface of the cerebral hemispheres, diploid and emissary veins and veins from the fall cerebri

25
Q

Blood from the superior sagittal sinus drains

A

posteriorly

at the internal occipital protuberance it turns right to form the right transverse sinus

26
Q

as the right transervse sinus passes the … it turns into the …

A

petrous temporal bone

sigmoid sinus

27
Q

which 2 sinuses/veins join to form the straight sinus

A

inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein

28
Q

the straight sinus drains….and turns left at the …. to form the

A

posteriorly

internal occipital protuberance to form the left transverse sinus

29
Q

The straight sinus receives blood from the

A

inferior sagittal sinus
cerebral veins
superior cerebellar veins
veins from the fall cerebri

30
Q

which sinuses empty into the confluence of sinuses

A

superior sagittal
straight sinus
occipital sinus in the fall cerebra

31
Q

what is the confluence of sinuses and where is it

A

a dilated space

at the internal occipital protuberance

32
Q

the confluence of sinuses drains into

A

the left and right transverse sinuses

33
Q

as the transervse sinuses leave the … bone they becomes the

A

occipital bone

sigmoid

34
Q

the sigmoid sinuses end at the beginning of the

A

internal jugular veins

35
Q

where are the paired cavernous sinuses

A

on the lateral aspect of the body of the sphenoid bone

the right and left sinuses lie either side of the pituitary fossa

36
Q

cavernous sinuses receive blood from…

A

cerebral veins
emissary veins
ophthalmic veins

37
Q

the cavernous sinuses communicate with the transverse sinuses and internal jugulars via

A

petrosal sinuses

38
Q

Where do the diploid veins run?

Drain into

A

between the internal and external tables of compact bone in the roof of the cranial cavity

drain into dural venous sinuses

39
Q

Emissary veins pass from to

A

from outside the cranial cavity into the dural venous sinuses

40
Q

Why are the emissary veins important clinically?

A

they are a conduit for which infections can enter the cranial cavity because they have no valves

41
Q

which vein acts as a conduit for infection from the face to the brain? What does it connect with?

A

Facial vein

with the cavernous sinus

42
Q

What is the pterion? and its clinical significance?

A

The point where the frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid bones all meet on the lateral aspect of the skull

thinnest and weakest part of the skull

anterior division of the middle meningeal artery lies deep to the pterion - injury can cause extradural haemorrhage

severe damage can affect deeper branches of the MCA - subarachnoid haemorrhage

43
Q

What goes through the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory

44
Q

What goes through the optic canal

A

Optic nerve

ophthalmic artery

45
Q

What goes through the superior orbital fissure

A 
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal a - ophthalmic division
Abducens
superior ophthalmic vein
46
Q

What goes through the foramen rotundum

A

Trigeminal b - maxillary division

47
Q

What goes through the foramen ovale

A

Trigeminal c - mandibular division

48
Q

What goes through the foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery and vein

49
Q

What goes through the carotid canal

A

internal carotid artery

50
Q

What goes through the internal acoustic meatus

A

Facial
Vestibulocochlear
labyrinthine artery

51
Q

What goes through the jugular foramen

A

Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory

52
Q

What goes through the hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal

53
Q

What goes through the foramen magnum

A

Vertebral arteries
medulla of brain
spinal roots of accessory nerve

Anatomy of the head, neck and spine (7 decks)

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