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Anatomy of the head, neck and spine > Breathing Voice and Hearing > Flashcards

Breathing Voice and Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory tract includes

A

nose, nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx.

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2
Q

The 2 nasal cavities: contains, shape, held open by

A

Contains olfactory receptors
Wedge shaped
Open by cartilage and bone

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3
Q

The anterior apertures of the nasal cavities are…and open onto

A

the nares

inferior surface of the external nose

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4
Q

The posterior apertures are the… and open into

A

Choanae

the nasopharynx

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5
Q

The nasal cavities are separated:
• From each other by
• From the oral cavity below by
• From the cranial cavity above by

A

midline nasal septum
hard palate
parts of the frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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6
Q

The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is characterized by

A

conchae - 3 curved shelves of bone, dividing the nasal cavity into 4 air chambers

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7
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses’ openings

A

on the lateral wall and roof

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8
Q

Bones that contribute to the skeletal framework of the nasal cavities include:

A

Ethmoid – complex bones that lies between the two orbits –> the roof, lateral wall and medial
wall of both nasal cavities. Contains the ethmoidal sinuses. – forms the superior and middle conchae.
• Other unpaired bones = sphenoid, frontal bone, vomer
• Paired nasal, maxillary, palatine and lacrimal bones, and inferior conchae

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9
Q

4 paranasal sinuses

A

ethmoidal air cells
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
sphenoidal sinus

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10
Q

paranasal sinuses are lined by

A

ciliated and mucous secreting respiratory mucosa

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11
Q

paranasal sinuses open into

A

the nasal cavities

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12
Q

paranasal sinuses are innervated by

A

branches of the trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

function of paranasal sinuses

A

reduce weight of skull

act as resonators for the voice

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14
Q

paranasal sinuses are connected to the pharynx by

A

small holes (route of infection)

build of mucus in the sinuses > pain + possible infection

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15
Q

Frontal sinuses drains via the

Innervated by

A

frontonasal duct

Branches of the supraorbital nerve from the ophthalmic branch of trigeminal (V1)

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16
Q

Ethmoidal cells Innervated by

A

branches of nasociliary nerve from the ophthalmic branch of trigeminal (V1)
AND maxillary branch of trigeminal (V2)

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17
Q

Maxillary sinuses - can often be infected by

A

tooth infections

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18
Q

Maxillary sinuses Innervated by

A

infra-orbital and alveolar branches of the ophthalmic branch of trigeminal (V1)

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19
Q

Sphenoidal sinus located

A

just posterior to the ethmoidal air cells in the sphenoid bone

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20
Q

Sphenoidal sinus Innervated by

A

posterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic branch (V1)

AND the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (V2)

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21
Q

Drainage of the sinuses:

Frontal, sphenoid, anterior middle and posterior ethmoidal, maxillary (nasolacrimal)

A

Sphenoid - Sphenoehtmoidal recess

Posterior ethmoidal air cells - superior meatus

Anterior & middle ethmoidal air cells; frontal; maxillary - middle meatus

Nasolacrimal - inferior meatus

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22
Q

Larynx is composed of the following bones:

Unpaired:

Paired:

A

Unpaired: Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid

Paired: Arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

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23
Q

Movement of the larynx in the neck facilitates

A

closing of the laryngeal inlet and opening of the oesophagus during swallowing

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24
Q

Motor and sensory innervation of the larynx is provided by

A

vagus nerve

25
The thyroid cartilage is formed by
right and left lamina which are widely separated posteriorly but converge and join anteriorly (superior anterior prominence = Adam’s apple)
26
The angle between the two lamina is .... in men and ....in women
90 men | 120 women
27
The posterior margin of each lamina is elongated to form
a superior + inferior horn (which are associated with the cricoid cartilage and hyoid bone respectively)
28
The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped cartilage attached
by its stem to the posterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage
29
epiglottis function
acts as a flap which closes off the trachea during swallowing to direct food into the oesophagus If food enters the trachea and contacts the vocal folds, it causes a cough reflex to expel the matter in order to prevent choking
30
The two arytenoid cartilages: function
associated with the vocal folds + phonation
31
Vocal folds are located.... attachments
located within the larynx at the top of the trachea They are attached posteriorly to the arytenoid cartillages, and anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage Their outer edges are attached to muscle within the larynx
32
False vocal folds are the
Vestibular folds above both sides of the vocal folds
33
False vocal folds role
minimal role in normal phonation, but rather in screaming or deep growling.
34
When phonating, the arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds are
adducted | air is forced through between them
35
What produces sounds
the vocal folds vibrating against each other
36
Tension in the vocal folds can be adjusted by
laryngeal muscles
37
Pitch depends on the relative position and tension in the vocal folds by the movement of
arytenoid cartilages and cricothyroid joint
38
Intensity of sound depends on
the force with which air is pushed through the glottis
39
During quiet respiration | arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds position
arytenoid cartilages abducted | Vocal folds open
40
During forced inspiration | arytenoid cartilages position
the arytenoid cartilages are rotated laterally, and the rims glottides (opening between true vocal folds) widens into a rhomboid shape, which increases the diameter of the laryngeal airway
41
During swallowing position of the vocal folds, laryngeal inlet, larynx This causes...
Vocal folds closed laryngeal inlet narrowed larynx moves up and forward (opens the oesophagus) This action causes the epiglottis to close the laryngeal inlet
42
Anatomy of outer ear
Pinna | External acoustic meatus (canal bit)
43
Anatomy of middle ear
3 Auditory ossicles o Malleus o Incus o Stapes Tympanic membrane
44
Anatomy of inner ear
``` Oval and round windows Utricle and saccule Cochlea Semicircular canals Auditory nerve (VIII) Phanygotympanic/ Eustachian tube ```
45
3 functional components of the facial nerve
Motor – to the muscles of facial expression Sensory – branches to the cauda tympani where it joins the lingunal nerve (branch of V3) just after the acoustic meatus to supply the anterior 2/3rds of tongue Parasympathetic secretor motor – to the salivary (not parotid-CN9) and lacrimal glands
46
4 mechanisms that protect the airways from aspiration
Swallowing Gag reflex Sneeze Cough
47
2 main function mechanisms in swallowing
Levator veli palatine - muscle elevates the soft palate during swallowing, pushing the soft palate against the wall of the pharynx, thereby preventing the passage of the food into the nasal cavity When swallowing, a peristaltic wave of constrictor muscles of the pharynx raises the larynx which becomes closed off by the epiglottis
48
What is the soft palate
mucous membrane that tapers to | form uvula
49
Explain the pathway for the sneeze reflex
1. Inspiration 2. Intrathoracic pressure raised (glottis closed, abdominal muscles contracted) 3. Soft palate depressed against tongue (palatopharyngeus/palatoglossus) 4. Sudden abduction of vocal folds to release intrathoracic pressure through nose
50
Explain the pathway for the cough reflex
1. Inspiration 2. Intrathoracic pressure raised (glottis closed, abdominal muscles contracted) 3. Soft palate raised and tensed against posterior wall of pharynx. (Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, superior constrictor) 4. Sudden abduction of vocal folds to release intrathoracic pressure through mouth
51
Cough Reflex - Irritation of receptors in the larynx and trachea is sensed by This causes.... nerves to initiate ... This results in During exhalation, the .... is .... so that the air escapes through the mouth
Laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve (X) the phrenic nerve (C3-C5) + thoracic nerves (T1-T12) to initiate a deep inhalation a build up of pressure in the thorax against the closed glottis, followed by forced exhalation The oropharyngeal isthmus. Open
52
Sneeze reflex - ...sense irritation of receptors in the nasal mucosa This causes ...nerves to initiate.. This results in During exhalation, the .... is....so that the air escapes through the nose
The ophthalmic + maxillary branches of the trigeminal (V1 and V2) the phrenic nerve (C3-C5) + thoracic nerves (T1-T12) to initiate a deep inhalation a build up of pressure in the thorax against the closed glottis, followed by forced exhalation Oropharyngeal isthmus. Closed.
53
possible route of infection from the pharynx to the middle ear
The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
54
The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube connects what and what
the tympanic cavity of the middle ear to the nasopharynx
55
The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube is tonically..... but during swallowing and yawning it....so that...
closed by a sphincter | opens so that air can leave or enter the middle ear and equalize pressure with the nasopharynx and hence the atmosphere
56
If the.... is visible through an auroscope, the ear is considered normal. Infection of the.....will result in a loss of.....
cone of light middle ear ....the cone of light
57
List the actions that may be taken to restore patency of the airway in an emergency
Chin lift/jaw thrust – this straightens + opens up the airway, making it easier for patient to breathe on their own • Use of oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway • Endotracheal intubation – passing a tube into trachea through mouth • Cricothyroidotomy • Tracheotomy
58
Cricothyroidotomy involves
piercing the cricothyroid membrane in the midline, between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
59
Tracheostomy involves
retracting the infrahyoid muscles, dividing the isthmus of the thyroid and piercing the trachea between the 1st and 2nd cartilaginous ring A tracheostomy tube is then inserted, and secured with neck straps

Anatomy of the head, neck and spine (7 decks)

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