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histology head and neck > the neck > Flashcards

the neck Flashcards

1
Q

what is the neck the junction between?

A

the junction between head and thorax

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2
Q

what is the superior limit of the neck?

A

mandible and base of skull

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3
Q

what is the inferior limit of the skull?

A

thoracic inlet

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4
Q

where does the thoracic inlet lie?

A

through first rib and is higher posteriorly then anterior

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5
Q

what is the thoracic inlet bound by?

A

first thoracic vertebra posteriorly, first ribs laterally and the manubrium anteriorly

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6
Q

what is the thoracic inlet also known as?

A

superior thoracic aperture

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7
Q

what divides the lung into anterior and posterior ?

A

sternocleidomastoid

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8
Q

what are the 2 heads to the sternocleidomastoid?

A

sterno: attaches to the manubrium of the sternum
cleido: greek origins for bar/bolt
mastoid: mastoid process - air cells present here
this process is absent at birth (risk of damage to facial nerve - stylomastoid foramen) and starts to grow about the age of 1, prominent at about the age of 2 and continues until the first permanent teeth about 6

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9
Q

what are the 2 heads to the sternocleidomastoid?

A

sterno: attaches to the manubrium of the sternum
cleido: greek origins for bar/bolt
mastoid: mastoid process - air cells present here
this process is absent at birth (risk of damage to facial nerve - stylomastoid foramen) and starts to grow about the age of 1, prominent at about the age of 2 and continues until the first permanent teeth about 6

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10
Q

what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid muscle
  2. the midline
  3. lower border of the mandible
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11
Q

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid
  2. trapezius muscle
  3. middle third of the clavicle
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12
Q

what 5 categories can the anterior triangle contents be divided into?

A

muscles, skeletal elements and viscera, glands, nerves, vessels

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13
Q

what is the mylohoid?

A

forms the floor of the mouth like a hammock. Arises from the mandible and attaches onto the hyoid bone. It raises the hyoid bone and floor of mouth

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14
Q

what is the anterior belly of the digastric?

A

One of two muscles (posterior one also). Arises from mandible and passes to the mastoid process. It pulls down the mandible and raises the hyoid bone

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15
Q

what is the strap muscles?

A

named after where they attach. These depress the hyoid bone and also the larynx, or pull it down, during swallowing (deglutition) and speaking

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16
Q

what is the largest laryngeal cartilage?

A

thyroid cartilage

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17
Q

where is the cricoid cartilage found?

A

below the thyroid cartilage, just above trachea

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18
Q

what are the 4 skeletal elements of the anterior triangle?

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
hyoid bone
trachea

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19
Q

how many laryngeal cartilages are there?

A

9

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20
Q

what are the single laryngeal cartilages?

A

3:
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottis

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21
Q

what cartilage forms a complete ring around the trachea?

A

cricoid

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22
Q

what type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

A

elastic

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23
Q

what are the paired laryngeal cartilages?

A

arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

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24
Q

what is the order of skeletal elements and cartilage in the anterior triangle?

A

1 . hyoid bone
2. thyroid cartilage
3. cricoid cartilage
4. first tracheal ring (of cartilage)
5. thyroid gland

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25
Q

what glands are part of the anterior triangle?

A

thyroid gland
parathyroid
submandibular

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26
Q

what does the endocrine gland do?

A

secretes hormones into the bloodstream

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27
Q

where does the thyrocervial trunk arise from?

A

subclavian artery

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28
Q

what encloses the thyroid (endocrine) gland?

A

pre-tracheal fascia

29
Q

how do we examine if the thyroid cartilage is enlarged?

A

ask the patient to swallow, when lightly pressing on the neck from behind the patient, will allow you to see if it is enlarged.

30
Q

what supplies the thyroid (endocrine) gland?

A

superior (external carotid artery) and inferior thyroid (thyrocervical trunk) arteries

31
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

thyroid gland (T3 and T4)

32
Q

where is the thyroid gland found?

A

anterior neck between C5-T1 (cervical/thoracic)

33
Q

what does the thyroid hormone do?

A

raise the basal metabolic rate, influences synthesis of proteins, and are responsible for nerve growth/development

34
Q

what are thyroid hormones important for?

A

development of cells in the body

35
Q

how many lobes does the thyroid gland have?
what are they linked by?

A

2 lobes - left and right
linked by isthmus

36
Q

what is the isthmus in the thyroid gland?

A

narrow piece of tissue between 2 larger parts of a structure

37
Q

what is the pyramidal lobe?
where does it come from?

A

embryological remnant of where the thyroid gland developed from in the floor of the mouth – at the foramen caecum of the tongue.

38
Q

what is the elevator glandular thyroidae?

A

a remnant of where the pyramidal lobe formed

39
Q

where is the elevator glandulae thyroidae?

A

can extend from foramen caecum of tongue

40
Q

what is the biggest vein of the neck?

A

internal jugular vein

41
Q

what gland and hormone function to raise the level of blood calcium?

A

endocrine glands and parathyroid hormone

42
Q

where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and appear flat and oval in shape

43
Q

how many superior parathyroid glands are there and where are they found?

A

2 – found roughly in the middle of the posterior border of the thyroid lobes

44
Q

how many inferior parathyroid glands are there and where are they found?

A

2 – at inferior poles of thyroid gland, although can be a little variable

45
Q

how does the parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium?

A
  1. increasing absorption from the gut
  2. increasing absorption from the kidney
  3. increased activity of osteoblasts - breakdown bone and release calcium
46
Q

how much of the population have more than 4 parathyroid glands?

A

5%

47
Q

what does the vagus nerve do?

A

slows heart rate and breathing
- rest and digest
increasing gut motility

48
Q

what does the phrenic nerve do?

A

innervates diaphragm

49
Q

what does the motor part of the vagus nerve do?

A

innervates the muscles of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate

50
Q

what does the parasympathetic part of the vagus nerve do?

A

smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi (slows breathing), slows heart rate and increases gut motility

51
Q

what do the special sensory fibres of the vagus nerve do?

A

innervation for taste sensation in the epiglottis and root of the tongue

52
Q

what do the general sensory fibres of the vagus nerve do?

A

internal aspect of larynx and the ear canal. Also provides visceral sensory innervation to the heart and abdominal structures.

53
Q

what anchors the heart to the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

54
Q

what does the motor phrenic nerve do?

A

innervate the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm

55
Q

what does the sensory phrenic nerve do?

A

innervation to the diaphragm also, specifically the central tendon, as well as the layer around the heart called the pericardium. This structure anchors the heart to the diaphragm

56
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve do?

A

innervates the majority of the muscles of the tongue
minus 1

57
Q

what drains all of the head and neck?

A

……

58
Q

anterior triangle red vessels

A

….

59
Q

what can the posterior triangle be divided into?

A
60
Q

what does the accessory nerve innervate?

A

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

61
Q

what does the Sternocleidomastoid muscle do?

A

lateral flexion of neck when acting on its own and flexion of neck when acting both left and right sides.

62
Q

Where is the trapezius and what does it do?

A

base of skull and C7-T12 vertebrae spinous processes to lateral third of clavicle and scapula (acromion of)

63
Q

what are the 3 parts of the accessory nerve (fibres)?

A

The upper fibres elevate the scapula, and also rotate during abduction of the arm. Middle fibres pull back the scapula (retraction) and lower fibres go inferiorly.

64
Q

what does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

motor and sensory innervation to the upper limbs

65
Q

where is the brachial plexus?

A

cervical 5 - thoracic 1

66
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A

filter lymph
defend against infection
return to larger veins

67
Q

what are the superficial lymph nodes?

A

drain face, neck and scalp and pass to the superficial ring of lymph nodes at the junction of head and neck

68
Q

what are the deep lymph nodes?

A

deep cervical lymph nodes. Left jugular lymphatic trunk passes to the thoracic duct ->left subclavian vein

69
Q

where does the right jugular lymphatic trunk pass to?

A

right subclavian vein

histology head and neck (6 decks)

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