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Biology3011 > The nature of molecules and the properties of water > Flashcards

The nature of molecules and the properties of water Flashcards

1
Q

What does matter have?

A

Mass and occupies space, its composed of atoms.

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2
Q

Difference between molecule and compound

A

Every compound is a molecule but not every molecule is a compound.

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3
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

Protons, which are positively charged particles, located in the nucleus and never change. Neutrons, which are neutral particles and are located in the nucleus. And last, electrons, which are negatively charged particles, found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus.

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4
Q

Difference between orbitals and a energy level.

A

An orbital is where the electrons are located and it can fill with 2 electrons. A energy level are rings where the orbitals are found.

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5
Q

Atomic number and mass

A

The atomic number is the number of protons and electrons if the atom is not charged and the atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons.

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6
Q

What is any substance that cannot be broken down to any other other substance by ordinary chemical means?

A

Element

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7
Q

Atoms are electrically neutral.

A

True

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8
Q

Are mass and weight the same?

A

No, in Earth they’re the same but they differ in the Moon because weight refers to force gravity exerts on substance.

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9
Q

What are the two types of ions?

A

The Cations which have net positive charge and loses electrons and the anions that have net negative charge and gains electrons.

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10
Q

What are atoms with the same atomic number but differ in the atomic mass?

A

Isotopes

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11
Q

Isotopes of carbon

A

Is an element that is always going to form covalent bonds and the only one that changes are the neutrons.

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12
Q

Where does electrons have more energy?

A

Farther from the nucleus, they have potential energy related to their position.

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13
Q

Opposite charges does not attract each other.

A

False

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14
Q

What are the types of orbitals?

A

Sorbitals which are spherical and porbitals which are propeller or dumbbell shaped.

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15
Q

When a loss of an electron happens what is it called? And when the positive charges reduces and gains an electron what is it called?

A

Oxidation when a loss of an electron happens and reduction when it gains an electron.

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16
Q

What is inert?

A

Is nonreactive and is when elements have all 8 electrons.

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17
Q

Explain the octet rule and its exception.

A

Is when atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels and the exception is if an atom has only one shell, the outermost valence shell is complete when it has 2 electrons.

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18
Q

Explain CHON

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen are the four elements that make up 96.3% of human body weight.

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19
Q

Why does a chemical bond forms?

A

To be stable, not reactive.

20
Q

What is formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions?

A

Ionic bonds

21
Q

Electrical attraction of water molecules can disrupt forces holding ions together.

A

True

22
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

It forms when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons and its strength depends on the number of shared electrons.

23
Q

Examples of Single, double and triple covalent bond

A

Hydrogen gas, Oxygen gas and Nitrogen gas

24
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Is the force that atoms attract electrons and differences in electronegativity dictate how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds.

25
Q

Difference between a nonpolar and a polar covalent bond

A

A nonpolar occurs when atoms have similar electronegativity for example (grease) and a polar covalent bond is when atoms have different electronegativity.

26
Q

Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds.

A

True

27
Q

Atoms shift from one molecule to another with change in number or identity of atoms.

A

False

28
Q

Reactants and products

A

Reactants are the original molecules and the products are molecules resulting from reaction.

29
Q

What are catalysts?

A

They accelerate chemical reactions.

30
Q

Factors that influence the extent of chemical reactions.

A

Temperature, that at a higher temp. crash of molecules, concentration of reactants and products, and catalysts.

31
Q

Many reactions are not reversible.

A

False

32
Q

Chemical property of water

A

Its ability to form hydrogen bonds. There are not that strong and occurs with a H of a molecule and an electronegativity atom of a adjacent molecule.

33
Q

Polarity of water

A

Within a water molecule, the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar. Oxygen is much more electronegativity than Hydrogen.
Oxygen is partially negative
Hydrogen is partially positive

34
Q

Cohesion vs Adhesion

A

Cohesion is when water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding. Superficial tension is the resistance that a liquid offers to break a surface. Adhesion is when water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding.

35
Q

Properties of water

A
  1. High specific heat
  2. High heat of vaporization
  3. Solid water is less dense than liquid water
  4. Good solvent
  5. Organizes nonpolar molecules
  6. Can form ions
36
Q

Solution, solvent and solute

A

Solvent is the substance that dissolves and the solute is the substance that is been dissolved. If I want to dissolve a polar solute, I need a polar solvent. For ex. salts dissolves in water throughout spheres of hydration. The water is the solvent and the solute is the salt.

37
Q

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic water

A

Hydrophilic water=loving, polar (salt)

Hydrophobic water= fearing, no polar

38
Q

With what do we clean grease?

A

With gasoline because its a no polar solvent.

39
Q

Pure water

A

Considered to be neutral, neither acidic nor basic.

40
Q

What is the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of solution?

A

pH

41
Q

Any substance that dissociates in water to increase the H+ and lower the pH. The stronger it is, the more hydrogen ions it produces and the lower its pH. pH less than 7. Ex. Hydrochloric acid, stomach acid, lemon juice, vinegar, cola, beer, tomatoes, black coffee, urine

A

Acid

42
Q

What is a substance that combines with H+ dissolved in water, and thus lowers the H+? pH more than 7. Ex. seawater, baking soda, great salt lake, household ammonia, household bleach, sodium hydroxide

A

Base

43
Q

What substance is added to neutralize the pH?

A

Buffers, it releases hydrogen ions when a base is added and absorbs hydrogen ions when acid is added.

44
Q

Most biological buffers consist of a pair of molecules, one an acid and one a base.

A

True

45
Q

The adequate blood pH

A

7.4

Biology3011 (5 decks)

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