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Biology3011 > Cap 4 Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cap 4 Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Cells were first observed using a microscope in 1665 by?

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

Early studies of cells were conducted by? They proposed the Cell Theory

A

Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

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3
Q

What is the Cell theory?

A

All organisms are composed of cells
They are the smallest living things (unidad básica de la vida )
They arise from pre -existing cells ( procariotas)

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4
Q

Que es anaerobico?

A

Que no tiene oxígeno

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5
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Higher concentration to lower concentration

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6
Q

Most cells are relatively smalll due to what?

A

A reliance on diffusion of substances in and out of cells

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7
Q

The rate of diffusion affected by?

A

Surface area available
Temperature
Concentration gradient
Distance

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8
Q

Si la célula es más grande, el oxígeno se tarda más en llegar al oxígeno?

A

Si

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9
Q

As a cell’s size increases, what does increase much more rapidly than its surface area?

A

Its volume

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10
Q

Some cells overcome limitation by being?

A

Long and narrow like neurons

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11
Q

What is the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points?

A

Resolution

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12
Q

What are the types of microscope?

A

Light- uses magnifying lenses with visible light (cosas vivas)
Electron - use beam of electrons (cosas muertas)
Transmission (TEM) - imagen 2D; transmit electrons through the material
Scanning (SEM) - imagen 3D; beam electrons onto the specimen surface

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13
Q

What are the basic structural similarities in cells?

A

Nucleoide o núcleo - DNA está localizado
Citoplasmas- gelatinosa y aguosa
Ribosomes - sintetiza proteínas
Membrana celular o plasma - entrada y salida de materiales (barrera) phospholipid bilayer

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14
Q

Quienes son organismos simples?

A

Célula procariotas

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15
Q

Cuales son los dos dominios de las células procariotas?

A

Archaea ( bacterias extremas)
Bacteria

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16
Q

Que son organelos?

A

Órganos pequeños

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17
Q

Que organelos contienen las células procariotas?

A

Nucleoide porque no tienen un núcleo que está presente el DNA
Pared celular afuera de la membrana celular ( some have peptidoglycan) ( protect, maintain and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water)
Ribosomas
Cytoskeleton- posee moléculas relacionadas a actina y tubulina ( influence shape of cell wall)
Flagella- se usa para locomoción, está presente en algunos, puede ser uno o más

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18
Q

Cuales son las células más complejas?

A

Células eucariotas

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19
Q

What does compartmentalization mean?

A

Organelos tiene diferentes funciones; las células eucariotas son así por el sistema endomembranoso

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20
Q

Ejemplo de una célula que tiene flagella?

A

Espermatozoide

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21
Q

Diferencias entre célula animal o vegetal

A

Animal
1. Centrioles
2. Lisosomas
3. Flagella
Vegetal
1. Vacuole central
2. Cloroplasto
3. Pared celular

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22
Q

Organelle where the genetic information is

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

Organelle where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place

A

Nucleolus

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24
Q

Control movement in and out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear pores

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25
Q

Two phospholipid bilayers

A

Nuclear envelope

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26
Q

En las células procariotas, los cromosomas son que forma?

A

Circular

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27
Q

Que es cromatina?

A

Son cromosomas más la proteína y es antes de enrrollarse.

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28
Q

En las células eucariotas, los cromosomas son que forma?

A

Lineal

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29
Q

Que son organelos ue sintetizan las proteínas?

A

Ribosomas y pueden estar libres en el citoplasma o en membranas internas

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30
Q

What are series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm that divides cell into compartments?

A

Endomembrane system

31
Q

Organelos parte del retículo endoplasmico

A

RER
SER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Microbodies
Vacuoles

32
Q

Organelle that ribosomes attach to itself and synthesize proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane .

A

retículo endoplasmico rugoso

33
Q

Organelle that has relatively few bound ribosomes and synthesize proteins, store Ca ions, detoxificate

A

Retículo endoplasmico liso

34
Q

Does ratio of RER to SER depends on cell’s function?

A

Yes

35
Q

La célula del pelo tiene mayor RE rugoso o liso?

A

rugoso porque tiene queratina

36
Q

La célula en los o varios tiene mayor RE rugoso o liso?

A

Líos porque son las hormonas sexuales

37
Q

Las células en el hígado tiene mayor RE rugoso o liso?

A

Liso porque detoxifican

38
Q

Organelo localizado cerca del RE liso, centro de procesamiento de los RER, tiene un cis and trans face and vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

39
Q

What are the cis, trans face and the vesicles in golgi?

A

Cis- la entrada
Trans- salida
Vesicle - transport molecules within the cell or even outside of it

40
Q

Que organelo contiene enzimas digestivas, sale del golgi, y recicla viejos organelos o digiere celular por phagocytosis

A

Lisosomas

41
Q

Cuales son las enzimas digestivas y cual es su función?

A

Carbohidrasas, lipasas, nucleasas, proteasas
Romper las macromoléculas

42
Q

Que es macrofago?

A

Células blancas que fagocitan (capturar y digerir particulas)

43
Q

Que son los microbodies?

A

Variety of enzyme- bearing, membrane- enclosed vesicles

44
Q

Organelle that is typically found in plants and it’s function depends on the cell type

A

Vacuoles

45
Q

Different types of vacuoles

A
  1. Central vacuole - almacena agua, pigmentos, iones, etc.
  2. Storage vacuoles in plants
  3. Contractile vacuole in some fungi and protists - elimina el exceso de agua
46
Q

Similitudes en cloroplastos y mitocondrias

A
  1. Transformadores de energía
  2. Doble membrana
  3. Propio DNA y Ribosomas
  4. Teoría endosimbiotica
47
Q

Found in all types of eukaryotic cells , respiración celular

A

Mitocondria

48
Q

Organelle present in cells of plants and protists , photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

49
Q

Que son las crestas ( cristae)?

A

Dobleces en la membrana interior de la mitocondria

50
Q

Como se llama el fluido que se encuentra adentro de la mitocondria?

A

Matrix

51
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Sacs with the inner membrane of chloroplast ( chlorophyll, carotenos)

52
Q

What is grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids of chloroplasts

53
Q

What is called the inner fluid of chloroplasts?

A

Stroma

54
Q

What proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts that evolved by a symbiosis between two free living cells?

A

Endosymbiosis theory

55
Q

Que son redes de fibras proteicas que le dan soporte a la célula y mantiene a los organelos en ciertos lugares?

A

Cytoskeleton

56
Q

Cuales son los tipos de fibras ?

A

Microfilaments- (actina) más finitas, menor diámetro, menor grosor
Intermediate filaments- diámetro intermedio
Microtubules- (tubulin) mayor diámetro

57
Q

Que es la región que rodea los centrioles, organiza microtubulos y se encuentra en la mayoría de las células animales y protistos?

A

Centrosomes

58
Q

Que son 9 tripletos y 27 microtubulos?

A

Centrioles

59
Q

Similitudes entre cilia y flagelos

A
  1. Locomoción
    Arreglo micro tubular ( 9 pares + 2 separados) = 20 microtubulos
  2. Estructura interna
60
Q

Diferencias de cilios y flagelos

A

Cilios
1. Cortos
2. Numerosos
3. Power stroke movement ( wipers)
Flagelos
1. Largos
2. Menos numerosos
3. Movimiento seguido ( va con la célula)

61
Q

Where are eukaryotic cell walls present ?

A

Plants, fungi and some protists
Plant and protists cell walls are made of cellulose
Fungi cell walls made of chitin

62
Q

Does plant cells have two cell walls?

A

Yes, they have possibly secondary cell walls

63
Q

What is the middle lamella in plant cell walls?

A

Function as a glue between cells

64
Q

If animals lack cell walls , what do they have?

A

Extra cellular matrix ( ECM)

65
Q

Que es la integrina?

A

No son parte de ECM; los mensajes químicos pasan por ellas y cambia el comportamiento de la célula

66
Q

Función del ECM

A

Form a protective layer over the cell surface
Give messages

67
Q

El ECM está conformado por :

A

1l fibras de colágeno y elastina
2. Proteoglucanos ( proteínas + azúcares)
3. Fibronectina ( se asocian con integrina)

68
Q

cell connections

A
  1. Adhesive junctions
  2. Tight junctions
  3. Communicating junctions
69
Q

Que unión resiste estrés mecánico y une cytoskeletons or cells to the ECM; include desmosomes; ex. Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Adhesive junction

70
Q

Que son caderinas?

A

Proteínas que unen células a otras por el proceso desmosomas

71
Q

What junction connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet - no leakage? Ex. Célula vejiga

A

Tight junctions

72
Q

Que unión tiene tubos (proteínas) que pasan info. química, iones, señales
( gap or plasmodesmata)

A

Communicating junction

73
Q

Who have plasmodesmata?

A

Plant cells

74
Q

What is plasmodesmata ?

A

Paso de sustancias de una a otra; función similar que los gap junctions en las células animales

Biology3011 (5 decks)

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