The Nature of Cancer -- Quiz 2

Question 1

What are the four tissue types?

Answer 1

• Connective Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue

Question 2

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 2

• Covers body surfaces and lines cavities of hollow organs
• Skin, Stomach, and Intestinal lining
• Forms glands and blood vessels
• Has Polarity
• Consists almost entirely of cells
• Avascular, regenerative
• Characterized by cell shape and arrangement

Question 3

Polarity of Epithelial Cells

Answer 3

• Apical surface is open to the outside of the body or to the inside of an internal organ.
• Basal surface attached to underlying connective tissue.

Question 4

Connective Tissue (Mesenchymal Tissue)

Answer 4

• A few cells and Extracellular Matrix
• Provides structural and metabolic support for other tissue and organs
• Connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs

Question 5

What type of cells are in connective tissue?

Answer 5

• Fibroblasts
• Adipocytes - Fat storing cells
• Macrophages - Mast cells and Plasma Cells
• Chondrocytes, Osteocytes - Cartlidge and bone
• Blood Cells - Within the blood vessels

Question 6

Fibroblasts

Answer 6

• in connective tissue and the stromal compartment of epithelial tissues and is characterized by its secretion of collagen [extracellular matrix fiber]
• Least Specialized

Question 7

Mesenchymal Stem Cell

Answer 7

• An Oligopotent mesenchymal cell, often of bone marrow origin, that can be recruited to various tissues in which it can differentiate into multiple mesenchymal cell types.

Question 8

CT (connective tissue) cells

Answer 8

• Nearly all CT cells have a common stem
• Some variant of the fibroblast is always present

Question 9

Basement Membrane (basal lamina)

Answer 9

The specialized extracellular matrix that forms a sheet separating epithelial from stromal cells or endothelial cells from pericytes.

Question 10

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 10

• Meshwork of secreted proteins
• Largely glycoproteins and proteoglycans
• Surrounds most cells within tissues and creates a structural scaffold in the intracellular space

Question 11

Stroma

Answer 11

1. The mesenchymal components of normal epithelial and hematopoietic tissues
   – Can include fibroblasts, adipocytes, endothelial cells, and some immunocytes as well as associated extracellular matrix.
2. A spectrum of similar cell types that constitute the stromal cells within a tumor and are recruited into the tumor from host tissues and lack the somatic mutations born by the tumor cells!

Question 12

Endothelial Cells

Answer 12

1. Mesenchymal cells that form the walls of capillaries or lymph ducts by assuming shapes that allow the assembly of **tubelike structures. **
2. Mesenchymal cells lining the luminal walls of larger blood vessels or lymph ducts

Question 13

What kind of cells are tumors composed of?

Answer 13

• Cells that have lost the ability to assemble and create tissues of normal form and function.

Question 14

What are examples of normal tissue growth in the epidermis?

Answer 14

• Dead cells shed from outer surface
• Cell migration from the Basel membrane up
• Dividing cells in the basement membrane (Stem cells are proliferating and making more epithelial cells.)

Question 15

Tumor Progression

Answer 15

Normal –> Hyperplastic –> Dyplastic –> Neoplastic –> Metastatic

Question 16

Hyperplasia(hyperplastic)

Answer 16

• An abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in an organ or tissue

Question 17

Dysplasia(Dysplastic)

Answer 17

• Cells look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer
• Large growths include adenomas, polyps, adenomatous, polyps, papilloma, and skin warts.
• Does not penetrate the basement membrane and is still considered benign

Question 18

Carcinoma in Situ (CIS)

Answer 18

• An early stage cancer in which cancerous growth or tumor is still confined to the site from which it started.
• Although called cancer in situ it is not cancer by definition.
• sometimes referred to as stage 0 cancer.

Question 19

Neoplasia(Neoplastic)

Answer 19

• Abnormal uncontrolled cell growth
• The growth can be benign or malignant.
• Does not penetrate the basement membrane.

Question 20

Adenomatous growths

Answer 20

• benign
• Papilloma: benign growth that extends out from a surface such as a wart.

Question 21

How are cancers classified?

Answer 21

• they are classified according to the tissue where they originate

Question 22

What are the four main types of cancer?

Answer 22

• Carcinoma
• Sarcoma
• Leukemia
• Lymphoma

Question 23

Carcinoma

Answer 23

• Arise in epithelial tissue that is found in the internal and external lining of the body.

Question 24

What are two types of carcinoma?

Answer 24

• Adenocarcinoma - Develops in an organ or gland
• Squamous cell carcinoma - Develop in the squamous epithelium of organs, including the skin, bladder, esophagus, and lung.

Question 25

Sarcoma

Answer 25

Arise from connective tissue that is found in bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat

Question 26

Leukemia

Answer 26

- Cancers of the blood that originate in bone marrow - Move freely through the circulation

Question 27

Lymphoma

Answer 27

- Cancers of the lymph system