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Biology > The Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

responsible for voluntary movement and innervated by the somatic nervous system

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2
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

the functional contractile unit of striated muscle; repeating units of actin and myosin; thick and thin filaments

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3
Q

What are slow-twitch fibers?

A

aka “red fibers”; have high myoglobin content and primarily derive their energy aerobically

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4
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

an oxygen carrier that uses iron in a heme group to bind oxygen, imparting a red color

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5
Q

What is fast-twitch fibers?

A

aka “white fibers”; contain much less myoglobin

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6
Q

Muscles that contract rapidly but fatigue quickly, contain mostly _____ fibers?

A

white

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7
Q

Muscles that contract slowly but can sustain activity contain mostly ______ fibers?

A

red

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8
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

responsible for involuntary action and innervated by autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

Which types of muscle are multinucleated?

A

skeletal, cardiac (sometimes)

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10
Q

What is tonus?

A

a constant state of low-level contraction, as may be seen in blood vessels; more sustained contractions

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11
Q

What is myogenic activity?

A

smooth muscle can actually contract without nervous system input and responses directly to stretch or other stimuli

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12
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

contraction is involuntary and innervated by the autonomic nervous system; looks striated; also exhibits myogenic activity

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13
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

connect cardiac cells and contain gap junctions

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14
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

connections between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells allowing for the flow of ions directly between the cells

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15
Q

What are thick filaments?

A

organized bundles of myosin

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16
Q

What are thin filaments?

A

made of actin, troponin and tropomyosin

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17
Q

What is titin?

A

a protein that acts as a spring and anchors the actin and myosin filaments together; preventing excessive stretching of the muscle

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18
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

sarcomeres attached end to end

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19
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

A

a modified endoplasmic reticulum that contains a high concentration of Ca2+ ions and covers myofibrils

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20
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

modified cytoplasm located just outside the SR

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21
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

the cell membrane of a myocyte; capable of propagating an action potential and can distribute the action potential to all sarcomeres in the muscle

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22
Q

What are transverse tubules (T-tubules)?

A

tubules that are oriented perpendicular to the myofibrils through which the action potentials can be transmitted

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23
Q

What is another word for a muscle cell?

A

myocyte

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24
Q

What is a muscle fiber?

A

a bunch of myofibrils arrange in parallel; aka a myocyte

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25
Q

Pathway of the muscle contration

A

Neuromuscular junction —> motor neurons —> nerve terminal —> acetylcholine to receptors —> depolarization

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26
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

where the nervous system communicates with muscles via motor neurons

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27
Q

What is the motor end plate?

A

nerve terminal or synaptic bouton

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28
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

the nerve terminal and its myocytes

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29
Q

What are the events that initiate muscle contraction starting with the lease of neurotransmitter?

A

Release of acetylcholine from motor neuron —> activation of acetylcholine receptors in sarcolemma —> depolarization of sarcolemma —> spreading of signal using T-tubules —-> release calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) —> binding of calcium to troponin –> conformational shift in tropomyosin —> exposure of myosin-binding sites —> myosin binds to actin

30
Q

What is tetanus?

A

when muscles contractions become so frequent that the muscle is unable to relax at all; results in muscle fatigue

31
Q

What is creatine phosphate?

A

created by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to creatine during times of rest to be uses for muscles contraction

32
Q

What are the two supplemental energy reserves in muscle?

A

creatine phosphate and myoglobin

33
Q

What are exoskeletons?

A

encase whole organisms and are usually found in arthropods; must be shed though

34
Q

What are endoskeletons?

A

internal but are not able to protect soft tissue as well; like humans but better able to accommodate growth

35
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebral column, ribcage and hyoid bone

36
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of the limbs

37
Q

What are the two bone types?

A

compact and spongy/cancellous

38
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

bony spicules/points in spongy bone; spaces between are filled with bone marrow

39
Q

What are the types of bone marrow?

A

Red - hematopoietic stem cells - generation of all cells in blood
Yellow - made of fat and inactive

40
Q

What are long bones?

A

characterized by cylindrical shafts called diaphyses and swell at each end to form metaphyses and terminate in epiphyses

41
Q

What is the epiphyseal (growth) plate?

A

a cartilaginous structure and the site of longitudinal growth

42
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

a fibrous sheath that surrounds the long bone to protect it as well as serve as site for muscle attachment; necessary for bone growth and repair

43
Q

What are tendons?

A

attach muscle to bone

44
Q

What are ligaments?

A

hold bones together at joints

45
Q

What is the bone matrix?

A

strength of compact bones and made up of organic and inorganic materials

46
Q

What is osteans/Haversian systems?

A

the structural units of the bony matrix

47
Q

What is lamellae?

A

concentric circles of bony matrix that surround channels of the Haversian system

48
Q

What are Haversian canals?

A

longitudinal canals (axis parallel to the bone) as part of the Haversian system; contain blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymph vessels

49
Q

What are Volkmann’s canals?

A

transverse canals (axis perpendicular to the bone) as part of the Haversian system; contain blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymph vessels

50
Q

What are lacunae?

A

small spaces between the lamellar rings that house mature bone cells (osteocytes)

51
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

tiny channels that connect the lacunae and allow for exchange of nutrients and waste between osteocytes and the canals

52
Q

What are the two types of cells responsible for bones?

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

53
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

build bone

54
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

polynucleated resident macrophages of bone the resorb it

55
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

promotes resorption of calcium and phosphate from the bone into the blood in response to low calcium in the blood

56
Q

What does Vitamin D do?

A

promotes resorption of the bone and in response the bone overcompensates with new, stronger bone growth

57
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

promotes bone formation and lowers blood calcium levels

58
Q

What is cartilage?

A

softer and more flexible than bone; contains firm but elastic matrix called chondrin; avascular and not innervated

59
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

the hardening of cartilage into bone and is responsible for most long bones

60
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone

61
Q

What are immovable joints?

A

consist of bones that are fused together to form sutures or similar fibrous joints; found primarily in the head

62
Q

What are movable joints?

A

permit bones to shift relative to one another and strengthened by ligaments that connect the bones

63
Q

What is a synovial capsule?

A

it covers the joint cavity

64
Q

What is the synovium?

A

a layer of soft tissue that secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the movement of structures

65
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

contributes to the joint by coating the articular surfaces of the bones so that impact is restricted to the lubricated joint cartilage rather than to the bones

66
Q

Which muscle end is the origin?

A

the end of the muscle with a larger attachment to the bone (usually proximal)

67
Q

Which muscle end is the insertion?

A

the end of the muscle with the smaller attachment to the bone (usually distal)

68
Q

What is a flexor muscle?

A

decreases the angle across a joint

69
Q

What is an extensor muscle?

A

increases or straightens this angle

70
Q

What is an abductor muscle?

A

moves a part of the body away from the midline

71
Q

What is medial rotation?

A

moving the axis of the limb towards the midline

72
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

moving the axis of the limb away from the midline

Biology (15 decks)

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